1 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:41,990 i know it's beautiful this is 2 00:02:41,990 --> 00:02:42,000 i know it's beautiful this is 3 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:44,150 i know it's beautiful this is spectacular we even thought we'd be 4 00:02:44,150 --> 00:02:44,160 spectacular we even thought we'd be 5 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:46,550 spectacular we even thought we'd be alive at this point well i mean 6 00:02:46,550 --> 00:02:46,560 alive at this point well i mean 7 00:02:46,560 --> 00:02:48,550 alive at this point well i mean the fact that these go right up like 8 00:02:48,550 --> 00:02:48,560 the fact that these go right up like 9 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:49,589 the fact that these go right up like that 10 00:02:49,589 --> 00:02:49,599 that 11 00:02:49,599 --> 00:02:51,430 that and then down you know this is 12 00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:51,440 and then down you know this is 13 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:53,509 and then down you know this is astonishing 14 00:02:53,509 --> 00:02:53,519 astonishing 15 00:02:53,519 --> 00:03:02,229 astonishing look at how steep that is 16 00:03:02,229 --> 00:03:02,239 17 00:03:02,239 --> 00:03:04,149 i love checking not your two thousand 18 00:03:04,149 --> 00:03:04,159 i love checking not your two thousand 19 00:03:04,159 --> 00:03:08,550 i love checking not your two thousand nothing 20 00:03:08,550 --> 00:03:08,560 21 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:13,430 i know it's beautiful it's spectacular 22 00:03:13,430 --> 00:03:13,440 i know it's beautiful it's spectacular 23 00:03:13,440 --> 00:05:27,270 i know it's beautiful it's spectacular it's a fairly long slew 24 00:05:27,270 --> 00:05:27,280 25 00:05:27,280 --> 00:05:28,710 good afternoon welcome to nasa 26 00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:28,720 good afternoon welcome to nasa 27 00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:30,550 good afternoon welcome to nasa headquarters and today space science 28 00:05:30,550 --> 00:05:30,560 headquarters and today space science 29 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:32,629 headquarters and today space science update we're very pleased 30 00:05:32,629 --> 00:05:32,639 update we're very pleased 31 00:05:32,639 --> 00:05:34,710 update we're very pleased today to have a panel of astronomers 32 00:05:34,710 --> 00:05:34,720 today to have a panel of astronomers 33 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:36,790 today to have a panel of astronomers here to make a significant announcement 34 00:05:36,790 --> 00:05:36,800 here to make a significant announcement 35 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:38,469 here to make a significant announcement on research funded by nasa and the 36 00:05:38,469 --> 00:05:38,479 on research funded by nasa and the 37 00:05:38,479 --> 00:05:41,270 on research funded by nasa and the national science foundation and uh here 38 00:05:41,270 --> 00:05:41,280 national science foundation and uh here 39 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:43,350 national science foundation and uh here to tell us about that 40 00:05:43,350 --> 00:05:43,360 to tell us about that 41 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:45,110 to tell us about that and to introduce our panel to tell us 42 00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:45,120 and to introduce our panel to tell us 43 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:47,189 and to introduce our panel to tell us about that it's dr ann kenney who's the 44 00:05:47,189 --> 00:05:47,199 about that it's dr ann kenney who's the 45 00:05:47,199 --> 00:05:49,510 about that it's dr ann kenney who's the director of nasa's origin programs here 46 00:05:49,510 --> 00:05:49,520 director of nasa's origin programs here 47 00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:53,670 director of nasa's origin programs here at nasa headquarters and 48 00:05:53,670 --> 00:05:53,680 at nasa headquarters and 49 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:56,870 at nasa headquarters and uh we have some very exciting science to 50 00:05:56,870 --> 00:05:56,880 uh we have some very exciting science to 51 00:05:56,880 --> 00:05:58,710 uh we have some very exciting science to talk about today 52 00:05:58,710 --> 00:05:58,720 talk about today 53 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:02,790 talk about today which has to do with uh planet searches 54 00:06:02,790 --> 00:06:02,800 which has to do with uh planet searches 55 00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:05,110 which has to do with uh planet searches when you look up in the night sky 56 00:06:05,110 --> 00:06:05,120 when you look up in the night sky 57 00:06:05,120 --> 00:06:07,909 when you look up in the night sky now you know with a certainty that there 58 00:06:07,909 --> 00:06:07,919 now you know with a certainty that there 59 00:06:07,919 --> 00:06:10,550 now you know with a certainty that there are planets around some of the stars in 60 00:06:10,550 --> 00:06:10,560 are planets around some of the stars in 61 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:13,029 are planets around some of the stars in that sky but this has only been the case 62 00:06:13,029 --> 00:06:13,039 that sky but this has only been the case 63 00:06:13,039 --> 00:06:16,070 that sky but this has only been the case since 1994 before then 64 00:06:16,070 --> 00:06:16,080 since 1994 before then 65 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,309 since 1994 before then it was simply not known people thought 66 00:06:18,309 --> 00:06:18,319 it was simply not known people thought 67 00:06:18,319 --> 00:06:19,749 it was simply not known people thought that there were probably planets out 68 00:06:19,749 --> 00:06:19,759 that there were probably planets out 69 00:06:19,759 --> 00:06:22,870 that there were probably planets out there but it wasn't known since 1994 70 00:06:22,870 --> 00:06:22,880 there but it wasn't known since 1994 71 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:25,909 there but it wasn't known since 1994 we've discovered about 30 planets i use 72 00:06:25,909 --> 00:06:25,919 we've discovered about 30 planets i use 73 00:06:25,919 --> 00:06:28,710 we've discovered about 30 planets i use a wee very loosely here 74 00:06:28,710 --> 00:06:28,720 a wee very loosely here 75 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:30,790 a wee very loosely here since this was not my personal research 76 00:06:30,790 --> 00:06:30,800 since this was not my personal research 77 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:32,950 since this was not my personal research but we've discovered about 30 planets of 78 00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:32,960 but we've discovered about 30 planets of 79 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:34,710 but we've discovered about 30 planets of those 20 of those planets were 80 00:06:34,710 --> 00:06:34,720 those 20 of those planets were 81 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:36,950 those 20 of those planets were discovered by the team that is here to 82 00:06:36,950 --> 00:06:36,960 discovered by the team that is here to 83 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,110 discovered by the team that is here to talk with us today 84 00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:39,120 talk with us today 85 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:40,710 talk with us today i would just like to say something about 86 00:06:40,710 --> 00:06:40,720 i would just like to say something about 87 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:44,070 i would just like to say something about those planets to put this in perspective 88 00:06:44,070 --> 00:06:44,080 those planets to put this in perspective 89 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:47,029 those planets to put this in perspective those 30 planets have all been 90 00:06:47,029 --> 00:06:47,039 those 30 planets have all been 91 00:06:47,039 --> 00:06:51,350 those 30 planets have all been jupiter mass or larger that means 300 92 00:06:51,350 --> 00:06:51,360 jupiter mass or larger that means 300 93 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:54,550 jupiter mass or larger that means 300 earth mass sized planets 94 00:06:54,550 --> 00:06:54,560 earth mass sized planets 95 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:55,430 earth mass sized planets and 96 00:06:55,430 --> 00:06:55,440 and 97 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:57,350 and the the planets we're going to talk 98 00:06:57,350 --> 00:06:57,360 the the planets we're going to talk 99 00:06:57,360 --> 00:06:59,189 the the planets we're going to talk about today have more to do with 100 00:06:59,189 --> 00:06:59,199 about today have more to do with 101 00:06:59,199 --> 00:07:01,749 about today have more to do with saturn-sized planets which is 102 00:07:01,749 --> 00:07:01,759 saturn-sized planets which is 103 00:07:01,759 --> 00:07:05,670 saturn-sized planets which is 100 earth mass so very different order 104 00:07:05,670 --> 00:07:05,680 100 earth mass so very different order 105 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:07,110 100 earth mass so very different order of magnitude 106 00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:07,120 of magnitude 107 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:09,189 of magnitude so as i said 108 00:07:09,189 --> 00:07:09,199 so as i said 109 00:07:09,199 --> 00:07:12,550 so as i said of the of the approximately 30 planets 110 00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:12,560 of the of the approximately 30 planets 111 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:13,990 of the of the approximately 30 planets that we know of 20 of them were 112 00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:14,000 that we know of 20 of them were 113 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:16,870 that we know of 20 of them were discovered by this team and 114 00:07:16,870 --> 00:07:16,880 discovered by this team and 115 00:07:16,880 --> 00:07:18,790 discovered by this team and this is this is a group that has been 116 00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:18,800 this is this is a group that has been 117 00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:20,790 this is this is a group that has been working on this field for approximately 118 00:07:20,790 --> 00:07:20,800 working on this field for approximately 119 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:23,510 working on this field for approximately 15 years this is very hard work it's 120 00:07:23,510 --> 00:07:23,520 15 years this is very hard work it's 121 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:25,909 15 years this is very hard work it's very exacting work 122 00:07:25,909 --> 00:07:25,919 very exacting work 123 00:07:25,919 --> 00:07:28,309 very exacting work and uh you know i'm really i'm really 124 00:07:28,309 --> 00:07:28,319 and uh you know i'm really i'm really 125 00:07:28,319 --> 00:07:30,629 and uh you know i'm really i'm really pleased to have this group to talk to us 126 00:07:30,629 --> 00:07:30,639 pleased to have this group to talk to us 127 00:07:30,639 --> 00:07:33,830 pleased to have this group to talk to us today the the scientists as well as our 128 00:07:33,830 --> 00:07:33,840 today the the scientists as well as our 129 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:36,710 today the the scientists as well as our uh science experts who will comment on 130 00:07:36,710 --> 00:07:36,720 uh science experts who will comment on 131 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:39,350 uh science experts who will comment on it so let me let me introduce today's 132 00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:39,360 it so let me let me introduce today's 133 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:41,510 it so let me let me introduce today's panel um the 134 00:07:41,510 --> 00:07:41,520 panel um the 135 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:43,110 panel um the jeff marcy and paul butler are people 136 00:07:43,110 --> 00:07:43,120 jeff marcy and paul butler are people 137 00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:45,990 jeff marcy and paul butler are people that i've known for 15 years myself and 138 00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:46,000 that i've known for 15 years myself and 139 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:48,150 that i've known for 15 years myself and that that makes it a double pleasure 140 00:07:48,150 --> 00:07:48,160 that that makes it a double pleasure 141 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:50,150 that that makes it a double pleasure jeff marcy is from university of 142 00:07:50,150 --> 00:07:50,160 jeff marcy is from university of 143 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:52,550 jeff marcy is from university of california in berkeley 144 00:07:52,550 --> 00:07:52,560 california in berkeley 145 00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:55,589 california in berkeley paul butler is from carnegie institution 146 00:07:55,589 --> 00:07:55,599 paul butler is from carnegie institution 147 00:07:55,599 --> 00:07:59,110 paul butler is from carnegie institution at washington dc here in town 148 00:07:59,110 --> 00:07:59,120 at washington dc here in town 149 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:00,629 at washington dc here in town alan boss 150 00:08:00,629 --> 00:08:00,639 alan boss 151 00:08:00,639 --> 00:08:03,510 alan boss is also from the carnegie institution of 152 00:08:03,510 --> 00:08:03,520 is also from the carnegie institution of 153 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:04,550 is also from the carnegie institution of d.c 154 00:08:04,550 --> 00:08:04,560 d.c 155 00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:07,589 d.c and heidi hamill from the space science 156 00:08:07,589 --> 00:08:07,599 and heidi hamill from the space science 157 00:08:07,599 --> 00:08:11,029 and heidi hamill from the space science institute in boulder colorado so jeff 158 00:08:11,029 --> 00:08:11,039 institute in boulder colorado so jeff 159 00:08:11,039 --> 00:08:12,469 institute in boulder colorado so jeff would you like to start out and tell us 160 00:08:12,469 --> 00:08:12,479 would you like to start out and tell us 161 00:08:12,479 --> 00:08:16,070 would you like to start out and tell us what you've found 162 00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:16,080 163 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:19,029 using the world's largest telescope the 164 00:08:19,029 --> 00:08:19,039 using the world's largest telescope the 165 00:08:19,039 --> 00:08:21,430 using the world's largest telescope the keck in hawaii 166 00:08:21,430 --> 00:08:21,440 keck in hawaii 167 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:23,670 keck in hawaii and using some new improvements to our 168 00:08:23,670 --> 00:08:23,680 and using some new improvements to our 169 00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:25,670 and using some new improvements to our search technique 170 00:08:25,670 --> 00:08:25,680 search technique 171 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:28,670 search technique we have discovered the first 172 00:08:28,670 --> 00:08:28,680 we have discovered the first 173 00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:32,070 we have discovered the first saturn-sized planets ever found outside 174 00:08:32,070 --> 00:08:32,080 saturn-sized planets ever found outside 175 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:34,389 saturn-sized planets ever found outside our solar system 176 00:08:34,389 --> 00:08:34,399 our solar system 177 00:08:34,399 --> 00:08:36,870 our solar system in fact we found two saturn's and i'll 178 00:08:36,870 --> 00:08:36,880 in fact we found two saturn's and i'll 179 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:38,389 in fact we found two saturn's and i'll be showing you the data for these in 180 00:08:38,389 --> 00:08:38,399 be showing you the data for these in 181 00:08:38,399 --> 00:08:39,589 be showing you the data for these in just a moment 182 00:08:39,589 --> 00:08:39,599 just a moment 183 00:08:39,599 --> 00:08:41,750 just a moment one of the saturn's orbits the star 184 00:08:41,750 --> 00:08:41,760 one of the saturn's orbits the star 185 00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:43,909 one of the saturn's orbits the star called 79 seti 186 00:08:43,909 --> 00:08:43,919 called 79 seti 187 00:08:43,919 --> 00:08:45,829 called 79 seti in the southern hemisphere 188 00:08:45,829 --> 00:08:45,839 in the southern hemisphere 189 00:08:45,839 --> 00:08:46,630 in the southern hemisphere and 190 00:08:46,630 --> 00:08:46,640 and 191 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:51,750 and one orbits the star called hd-46375 192 00:08:51,750 --> 00:08:51,760 193 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:54,790 both of these stars being old sun-like 194 00:08:54,790 --> 00:08:54,800 both of these stars being old sun-like 195 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:56,710 both of these stars being old sun-like stars 196 00:08:56,710 --> 00:08:56,720 stars 197 00:08:56,720 --> 00:08:59,350 stars an artist's rendering is shown in the 198 00:08:59,350 --> 00:08:59,360 an artist's rendering is shown in the 199 00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:02,630 an artist's rendering is shown in the animation if i could have it please 200 00:09:02,630 --> 00:09:02,640 animation if i could have it please 201 00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:05,509 animation if i could have it please this shows a star field and then the 202 00:09:05,509 --> 00:09:05,519 this shows a star field and then the 203 00:09:05,519 --> 00:09:08,710 this shows a star field and then the star itself 79 centi and what the 204 00:09:08,710 --> 00:09:08,720 star itself 79 centi and what the 205 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:12,470 star itself 79 centi and what the saturn-sized planet may well look like 206 00:09:12,470 --> 00:09:12,480 saturn-sized planet may well look like 207 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:14,710 saturn-sized planet may well look like the artist's rendering shows the size 208 00:09:14,710 --> 00:09:14,720 the artist's rendering shows the size 209 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:16,790 the artist's rendering shows the size and orbit of the planet that we actually 210 00:09:16,790 --> 00:09:16,800 and orbit of the planet that we actually 211 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:17,670 and orbit of the planet that we actually measure 212 00:09:17,670 --> 00:09:17,680 measure 213 00:09:17,680 --> 00:09:21,110 measure and it also shows rings and moons drawn 214 00:09:21,110 --> 00:09:21,120 and it also shows rings and moons drawn 215 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:23,509 and it also shows rings and moons drawn speculatively to mimic 216 00:09:23,509 --> 00:09:23,519 speculatively to mimic 217 00:09:23,519 --> 00:09:27,509 speculatively to mimic our own saturn in our solar system 218 00:09:27,509 --> 00:09:27,519 our own saturn in our solar system 219 00:09:27,519 --> 00:09:29,990 our own saturn in our solar system our search technique is is well known to 220 00:09:29,990 --> 00:09:30,000 our search technique is is well known to 221 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:32,230 our search technique is is well known to many people now it involves monitoring 222 00:09:32,230 --> 00:09:32,240 many people now it involves monitoring 223 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:35,590 many people now it involves monitoring the wobble of these host stars 224 00:09:35,590 --> 00:09:35,600 the wobble of these host stars 225 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:38,870 the wobble of these host stars shown in the next animation 226 00:09:38,870 --> 00:09:38,880 shown in the next animation 227 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,190 shown in the next animation what we detect of course is the wobble 228 00:09:41,190 --> 00:09:41,200 what we detect of course is the wobble 229 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,910 what we detect of course is the wobble of the star the motion of the star as it 230 00:09:43,910 --> 00:09:43,920 of the star the motion of the star as it 231 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:47,190 of the star the motion of the star as it responds to the gravitational pull on 232 00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:47,200 responds to the gravitational pull on 233 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:50,389 responds to the gravitational pull on the star exerted by the planet 234 00:09:50,389 --> 00:09:50,399 the star exerted by the planet 235 00:09:50,399 --> 00:09:52,310 the star exerted by the planet this wobbling motion of the star tells 236 00:09:52,310 --> 00:09:52,320 this wobbling motion of the star tells 237 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:53,590 this wobbling motion of the star tells us a number of 238 00:09:53,590 --> 00:09:53,600 us a number of 239 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:55,590 us a number of facts about the planet it tells us the 240 00:09:55,590 --> 00:09:55,600 facts about the planet it tells us the 241 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:58,630 facts about the planet it tells us the minimum mass of the planet and it tells 242 00:09:58,630 --> 00:09:58,640 minimum mass of the planet and it tells 243 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:00,790 minimum mass of the planet and it tells us the orbital size and the orbital 244 00:10:00,790 --> 00:10:00,800 us the orbital size and the orbital 245 00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:05,110 us the orbital size and the orbital shape within which the planet resides 246 00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:05,120 shape within which the planet resides 247 00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:06,069 shape within which the planet resides let me 248 00:10:06,069 --> 00:10:06,079 let me 249 00:10:06,079 --> 00:10:08,870 let me turn now to the data itself what's uh 250 00:10:08,870 --> 00:10:08,880 turn now to the data itself what's uh 251 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:11,269 turn now to the data itself what's uh really precious to us 252 00:10:11,269 --> 00:10:11,279 really precious to us 253 00:10:11,279 --> 00:10:14,550 really precious to us the data are shown in the next graphic 254 00:10:14,550 --> 00:10:14,560 the data are shown in the next graphic 255 00:10:14,560 --> 00:10:17,430 the data are shown in the next graphic the data reveal these saturns and these 256 00:10:17,430 --> 00:10:17,440 the data reveal these saturns and these 257 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:19,269 the data reveal these saturns and these that you see here on this graphic are 258 00:10:19,269 --> 00:10:19,279 that you see here on this graphic are 259 00:10:19,279 --> 00:10:20,630 that you see here on this graphic are the data 260 00:10:20,630 --> 00:10:20,640 the data 261 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:23,509 the data for the star 79 seti 262 00:10:23,509 --> 00:10:23,519 for the star 79 seti 263 00:10:23,519 --> 00:10:25,509 for the star 79 seti what you see are the 264 00:10:25,509 --> 00:10:25,519 what you see are the 265 00:10:25,519 --> 00:10:28,150 what you see are the velocity measurements the dots 266 00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:28,160 velocity measurements the dots 267 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:31,110 velocity measurements the dots versus time on the horizontal axis 268 00:10:31,110 --> 00:10:31,120 versus time on the horizontal axis 269 00:10:31,120 --> 00:10:33,910 versus time on the horizontal axis taken during the last two years at the 270 00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:33,920 taken during the last two years at the 271 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:35,910 taken during the last two years at the keck telescope you can see that the 272 00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:35,920 keck telescope you can see that the 273 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:37,829 keck telescope you can see that the velocity of the star 274 00:10:37,829 --> 00:10:37,839 velocity of the star 275 00:10:37,839 --> 00:10:41,430 velocity of the star varies back and forth like a buoy 276 00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:41,440 varies back and forth like a buoy 277 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:45,350 varies back and forth like a buoy on water waves indicating that 79 seti 278 00:10:45,350 --> 00:10:45,360 on water waves indicating that 79 seti 279 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:47,509 on water waves indicating that 79 seti indeed wobbles back and forth it has a 280 00:10:47,509 --> 00:10:47,519 indeed wobbles back and forth it has a 281 00:10:47,519 --> 00:10:50,150 indeed wobbles back and forth it has a saturn mass planet one can use newton's 282 00:10:50,150 --> 00:10:50,160 saturn mass planet one can use newton's 283 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:52,150 saturn mass planet one can use newton's laws of physics to deduce the mass and 284 00:10:52,150 --> 00:10:52,160 laws of physics to deduce the mass and 285 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:54,389 laws of physics to deduce the mass and orbit of the planet and that the planet 286 00:10:54,389 --> 00:10:54,399 orbit of the planet and that the planet 287 00:10:54,399 --> 00:10:57,670 orbit of the planet and that the planet goes around the star 79 centi uh in 288 00:10:57,670 --> 00:10:57,680 goes around the star 79 centi uh in 289 00:10:57,680 --> 00:11:00,949 goes around the star 79 centi uh in about 75 days 290 00:11:00,949 --> 00:11:00,959 about 75 days 291 00:11:00,959 --> 00:11:02,949 about 75 days the planet's orbit 292 00:11:02,949 --> 00:11:02,959 the planet's orbit 293 00:11:02,959 --> 00:11:05,750 the planet's orbit around 79 seti is similar in shape and 294 00:11:05,750 --> 00:11:05,760 around 79 seti is similar in shape and 295 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:07,430 around 79 seti is similar in shape and size to 296 00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:07,440 size to 297 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:10,550 size to mercury's orbit around the sun 298 00:11:10,550 --> 00:11:10,560 mercury's orbit around the sun 299 00:11:10,560 --> 00:11:13,509 mercury's orbit around the sun same distance and even more eccentric 300 00:11:13,509 --> 00:11:13,519 same distance and even more eccentric 301 00:11:13,519 --> 00:11:15,670 same distance and even more eccentric for this this planet a more elongated 302 00:11:15,670 --> 00:11:15,680 for this this planet a more elongated 303 00:11:15,680 --> 00:11:17,269 for this this planet a more elongated orbit 304 00:11:17,269 --> 00:11:17,279 orbit 305 00:11:17,279 --> 00:11:19,509 orbit and then finally the last graphic i'd 306 00:11:19,509 --> 00:11:19,519 and then finally the last graphic i'd 307 00:11:19,519 --> 00:11:22,230 and then finally the last graphic i'd like to show uh indicates the data we've 308 00:11:22,230 --> 00:11:22,240 like to show uh indicates the data we've 309 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:25,150 like to show uh indicates the data we've acquired for the other star hd 310 00:11:25,150 --> 00:11:25,160 acquired for the other star hd 311 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:26,710 acquired for the other star hd 46375 312 00:11:26,710 --> 00:11:26,720 46375 313 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:29,269 46375 here you're only seeing three days of 314 00:11:29,269 --> 00:11:29,279 here you're only seeing three days of 315 00:11:29,279 --> 00:11:31,910 here you're only seeing three days of data compressed down to three days and 316 00:11:31,910 --> 00:11:31,920 data compressed down to three days and 317 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:34,150 data compressed down to three days and you can see that the planet orbits the 318 00:11:34,150 --> 00:11:34,160 you can see that the planet orbits the 319 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:37,590 you can see that the planet orbits the star in only three days one full wobble 320 00:11:37,590 --> 00:11:37,600 star in only three days one full wobble 321 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,310 star in only three days one full wobble in three days and so this planet is very 322 00:11:40,310 --> 00:11:40,320 in three days and so this planet is very 323 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:43,269 in three days and so this planet is very close to its host star the planet indeed 324 00:11:43,269 --> 00:11:43,279 close to its host star the planet indeed 325 00:11:43,279 --> 00:11:45,509 close to its host star the planet indeed is about 25 times 326 00:11:45,509 --> 00:11:45,519 is about 25 times 327 00:11:45,519 --> 00:11:48,470 is about 25 times closer to its host star than our earth 328 00:11:48,470 --> 00:11:48,480 closer to its host star than our earth 329 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:50,230 closer to its host star than our earth is to the sun 330 00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:50,240 is to the sun 331 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:53,190 is to the sun so it's scorchingly hot on this planet 332 00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:53,200 so it's scorchingly hot on this planet 333 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:54,949 so it's scorchingly hot on this planet we estimate the temperature on the 334 00:11:54,949 --> 00:11:54,959 we estimate the temperature on the 335 00:11:54,959 --> 00:11:57,910 we estimate the temperature on the planet to be something like 2000 degrees 336 00:11:57,910 --> 00:11:57,920 planet to be something like 2000 degrees 337 00:11:57,920 --> 00:12:00,150 planet to be something like 2000 degrees fahrenheit due to the proximity of the 338 00:12:00,150 --> 00:12:00,160 fahrenheit due to the proximity of the 339 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:02,629 fahrenheit due to the proximity of the planet to the star 340 00:12:02,629 --> 00:12:02,639 planet to the star 341 00:12:02,639 --> 00:12:05,190 planet to the star and i think now i'd like to turn to paul 342 00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:05,200 and i think now i'd like to turn to paul 343 00:12:05,200 --> 00:12:06,790 and i think now i'd like to turn to paul butler who can tell us a little more 344 00:12:06,790 --> 00:12:06,800 butler who can tell us a little more 345 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:10,230 butler who can tell us a little more about the interpretations of these data 346 00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:10,240 about the interpretations of these data 347 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:11,829 about the interpretations of these data thanks jeff 348 00:12:11,829 --> 00:12:11,839 thanks jeff 349 00:12:11,839 --> 00:12:13,670 thanks jeff i'm really excited about these 350 00:12:13,670 --> 00:12:13,680 i'm really excited about these 351 00:12:13,680 --> 00:12:15,350 i'm really excited about these discoveries because they mark two 352 00:12:15,350 --> 00:12:15,360 discoveries because they mark two 353 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:17,430 discoveries because they mark two important mileposts uh in our 354 00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:17,440 important mileposts uh in our 355 00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:20,069 important mileposts uh in our exploration of planetary systems uh 356 00:12:20,069 --> 00:12:20,079 exploration of planetary systems uh 357 00:12:20,079 --> 00:12:21,509 exploration of planetary systems uh because of the way that these planets 358 00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:21,519 because of the way that these planets 359 00:12:21,519 --> 00:12:22,470 because of the way that these planets are different from the ones that have 360 00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:22,480 are different from the ones that have 361 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:24,550 are different from the ones that have been found up until now 362 00:12:24,550 --> 00:12:24,560 been found up until now 363 00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:26,230 been found up until now but first i'll talk about how these 364 00:12:26,230 --> 00:12:26,240 but first i'll talk about how these 365 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:27,750 but first i'll talk about how these planets are similar to what have been 366 00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:27,760 planets are similar to what have been 367 00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:29,430 planets are similar to what have been found up until now and how they relate 368 00:12:29,430 --> 00:12:29,440 found up until now and how they relate 369 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:31,990 found up until now and how they relate to the planets that have been found 370 00:12:31,990 --> 00:12:32,000 to the planets that have been found 371 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:33,670 to the planets that have been found so far all of the planets that have been 372 00:12:33,670 --> 00:12:33,680 so far all of the planets that have been 373 00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:35,509 so far all of the planets that have been found fall in one of two classes they're 374 00:12:35,509 --> 00:12:35,519 found fall in one of two classes they're 375 00:12:35,519 --> 00:12:38,389 found fall in one of two classes they're either these 51 peg-like orbits four-day 376 00:12:38,389 --> 00:12:38,399 either these 51 peg-like orbits four-day 377 00:12:38,399 --> 00:12:40,949 either these 51 peg-like orbits four-day orbits where the planet is roasting hot 378 00:12:40,949 --> 00:12:40,959 orbits where the planet is roasting hot 379 00:12:40,959 --> 00:12:42,710 orbits where the planet is roasting hot or they're more distant orbits but 380 00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:42,720 or they're more distant orbits but 381 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:44,870 or they're more distant orbits but eccentric not circular orbits like we 382 00:12:44,870 --> 00:12:44,880 eccentric not circular orbits like we 383 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:46,870 eccentric not circular orbits like we find in our own solar system 384 00:12:46,870 --> 00:12:46,880 find in our own solar system 385 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:49,030 find in our own solar system and these two planets actually fall one 386 00:12:49,030 --> 00:12:49,040 and these two planets actually fall one 387 00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:52,550 and these two planets actually fall one in each class hd 46375 is one of these 388 00:12:52,550 --> 00:12:52,560 in each class hd 46375 is one of these 389 00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:54,870 in each class hd 46375 is one of these 51 peg roasting planets 390 00:12:54,870 --> 00:12:54,880 51 peg roasting planets 391 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:58,069 51 peg roasting planets and 79 ceti is eccentric so they've 392 00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:58,079 and 79 ceti is eccentric so they've 393 00:12:58,079 --> 00:12:59,509 and 79 ceti is eccentric so they've fallen in the two classes that have been 394 00:12:59,509 --> 00:12:59,519 fallen in the two classes that have been 395 00:12:59,519 --> 00:13:02,069 fallen in the two classes that have been found up until now 396 00:13:02,069 --> 00:13:02,079 found up until now 397 00:13:02,079 --> 00:13:03,910 found up until now these classes are very different from 398 00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:03,920 these classes are very different from 399 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:05,829 these classes are very different from solar system planets solar system 400 00:13:05,829 --> 00:13:05,839 solar system planets solar system 401 00:13:05,839 --> 00:13:08,310 solar system planets solar system planets uh are in beautifully nested 402 00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:08,320 planets uh are in beautifully nested 403 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:11,110 planets uh are in beautifully nested concentric circular orbits and so this 404 00:13:11,110 --> 00:13:11,120 concentric circular orbits and so this 405 00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:12,949 concentric circular orbits and so this has caused speculation that the planets 406 00:13:12,949 --> 00:13:12,959 has caused speculation that the planets 407 00:13:12,959 --> 00:13:15,030 has caused speculation that the planets that have been found to date are somehow 408 00:13:15,030 --> 00:13:15,040 that have been found to date are somehow 409 00:13:15,040 --> 00:13:17,750 that have been found to date are somehow different than solar system planets 410 00:13:17,750 --> 00:13:17,760 different than solar system planets 411 00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,829 different than solar system planets the way we can address this issue is to 412 00:13:19,829 --> 00:13:19,839 the way we can address this issue is to 413 00:13:19,839 --> 00:13:22,150 the way we can address this issue is to look at the mass distribution so if i 414 00:13:22,150 --> 00:13:22,160 look at the mass distribution so if i 415 00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:24,310 look at the mass distribution so if i can have the mass distribution graphic 416 00:13:24,310 --> 00:13:24,320 can have the mass distribution graphic 417 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:26,310 can have the mass distribution graphic what this shows is the number of planets 418 00:13:26,310 --> 00:13:26,320 what this shows is the number of planets 419 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:28,069 what this shows is the number of planets that have been detected 420 00:13:28,069 --> 00:13:28,079 that have been detected 421 00:13:28,079 --> 00:13:30,389 that have been detected versus how much mass each planet has so 422 00:13:30,389 --> 00:13:30,399 versus how much mass each planet has so 423 00:13:30,399 --> 00:13:32,470 versus how much mass each planet has so you see the the scale goes from about 0 424 00:13:32,470 --> 00:13:32,480 you see the the scale goes from about 0 425 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:34,790 you see the the scale goes from about 0 to about 15 jupiter mouses 426 00:13:34,790 --> 00:13:34,800 to about 15 jupiter mouses 427 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:36,949 to about 15 jupiter mouses and the thing that initially was quite 428 00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:36,959 and the thing that initially was quite 429 00:13:36,959 --> 00:13:39,030 and the thing that initially was quite startling to us is that we're finding 430 00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:39,040 startling to us is that we're finding 431 00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:40,629 startling to us is that we're finding almost nothing that's this bigger than 432 00:13:40,629 --> 00:13:40,639 almost nothing that's this bigger than 433 00:13:40,639 --> 00:13:42,629 almost nothing that's this bigger than about 10 jupiter masses or so such 434 00:13:42,629 --> 00:13:42,639 about 10 jupiter masses or so such 435 00:13:42,639 --> 00:13:44,550 about 10 jupiter masses or so such planets are or such objects would be 436 00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:44,560 planets are or such objects would be 437 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:47,110 planets are or such objects would be very easy to find by virtue of their 438 00:13:47,110 --> 00:13:47,120 very easy to find by virtue of their 439 00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:49,110 very easy to find by virtue of their huge gravitational field you get 440 00:13:49,110 --> 00:13:49,120 huge gravitational field you get 441 00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:51,110 huge gravitational field you get enormous wobbles and yet we're finding 442 00:13:51,110 --> 00:13:51,120 enormous wobbles and yet we're finding 443 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:53,269 enormous wobbles and yet we're finding none uh instead what we're finding is 444 00:13:53,269 --> 00:13:53,279 none uh instead what we're finding is 445 00:13:53,279 --> 00:13:55,350 none uh instead what we're finding is just a trickle of planets uh sort of 446 00:13:55,350 --> 00:13:55,360 just a trickle of planets uh sort of 447 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,069 just a trickle of planets uh sort of between five and ten jupiter masses and 448 00:13:58,069 --> 00:13:58,079 between five and ten jupiter masses and 449 00:13:58,079 --> 00:14:00,150 between five and ten jupiter masses and then as we move to smaller mass regimes 450 00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:00,160 then as we move to smaller mass regimes 451 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:01,829 then as we move to smaller mass regimes one and two jupiter mouses we're finding 452 00:14:01,829 --> 00:14:01,839 one and two jupiter mouses we're finding 453 00:14:01,839 --> 00:14:03,750 one and two jupiter mouses we're finding just a torrent of discoveries that are 454 00:14:03,750 --> 00:14:03,760 just a torrent of discoveries that are 455 00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:04,870 just a torrent of discoveries that are coming through 456 00:14:04,870 --> 00:14:04,880 coming through 457 00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:06,870 coming through now the critical thing here is that 458 00:14:06,870 --> 00:14:06,880 now the critical thing here is that 459 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:08,710 now the critical thing here is that these planets that the smallest end the 460 00:14:08,710 --> 00:14:08,720 these planets that the smallest end the 461 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:10,470 these planets that the smallest end the one and two jupiter mass planets are the 462 00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:10,480 one and two jupiter mass planets are the 463 00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:12,629 one and two jupiter mass planets are the hardest to detect and the ones that we 464 00:14:12,629 --> 00:14:12,639 hardest to detect and the ones that we 465 00:14:12,639 --> 00:14:14,949 hardest to detect and the ones that we are most likely to miss in our surveys 466 00:14:14,949 --> 00:14:14,959 are most likely to miss in our surveys 467 00:14:14,959 --> 00:14:16,310 are most likely to miss in our surveys so this suggests that there's going to 468 00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:16,320 so this suggests that there's going to 469 00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:18,550 so this suggests that there's going to be many many many more small planets 470 00:14:18,550 --> 00:14:18,560 be many many many more small planets 471 00:14:18,560 --> 00:14:20,310 be many many many more small planets than there are large planets and of 472 00:14:20,310 --> 00:14:20,320 than there are large planets and of 473 00:14:20,320 --> 00:14:21,590 than there are large planets and of course the discoveries that we have 474 00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:21,600 course the discoveries that we have 475 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:23,910 course the discoveries that we have today pushed us to even lower masses for 476 00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:23,920 today pushed us to even lower masses for 477 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:25,750 today pushed us to even lower masses for the first time going under 100 earth 478 00:14:25,750 --> 00:14:25,760 the first time going under 100 earth 479 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:28,310 the first time going under 100 earth masses 480 00:14:28,310 --> 00:14:28,320 481 00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:30,550 now i'd like to talk about uh 482 00:14:30,550 --> 00:14:30,560 now i'd like to talk about uh 483 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,189 now i'd like to talk about uh why these two discoveries are so special 484 00:14:33,189 --> 00:14:33,199 why these two discoveries are so special 485 00:14:33,199 --> 00:14:35,750 why these two discoveries are so special why they mark two important mild posts 486 00:14:35,750 --> 00:14:35,760 why they mark two important mild posts 487 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:36,629 why they mark two important mild posts um 488 00:14:36,629 --> 00:14:36,639 um 489 00:14:36,639 --> 00:14:38,710 um first is simply that up until now the 490 00:14:38,710 --> 00:14:38,720 first is simply that up until now the 491 00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:40,550 first is simply that up until now the planets as has been stated the planets 492 00:14:40,550 --> 00:14:40,560 planets as has been stated the planets 493 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:42,230 planets as has been stated the planets have been found are more like jupiter 494 00:14:42,230 --> 00:14:42,240 have been found are more like jupiter 495 00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,110 have been found are more like jupiter mass sort of 200 or more earth masses 496 00:14:45,110 --> 00:14:45,120 mass sort of 200 or more earth masses 497 00:14:45,120 --> 00:14:47,829 mass sort of 200 or more earth masses and uh the one enormous milestone now is 498 00:14:47,829 --> 00:14:47,839 and uh the one enormous milestone now is 499 00:14:47,839 --> 00:14:49,509 and uh the one enormous milestone now is that these things are about 70 to 80 500 00:14:49,509 --> 00:14:49,519 that these things are about 70 to 80 501 00:14:49,519 --> 00:14:52,150 that these things are about 70 to 80 earth masses we've passed 100 earth mass 502 00:14:52,150 --> 00:14:52,160 earth masses we've passed 100 earth mass 503 00:14:52,160 --> 00:14:54,710 earth masses we've passed 100 earth mass limit and pushing down even further 504 00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:54,720 limit and pushing down even further 505 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:57,910 limit and pushing down even further um and the second thing is uh this 506 00:14:57,910 --> 00:14:57,920 um and the second thing is uh this 507 00:14:57,920 --> 00:14:59,990 um and the second thing is uh this points out sort of the future so if i 508 00:14:59,990 --> 00:15:00,000 points out sort of the future so if i 509 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,430 points out sort of the future so if i can have the 79 steady graphic again 510 00:15:03,430 --> 00:15:03,440 can have the 79 steady graphic again 511 00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:05,350 can have the 79 steady graphic again up until now we've only been able to 512 00:15:05,350 --> 00:15:05,360 up until now we've only been able to 513 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:07,350 up until now we've only been able to find planets that induce really huge 514 00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:07,360 find planets that induce really huge 515 00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:09,110 find planets that induce really huge wobbles in their star wobbles that are 516 00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:09,120 wobbles in their star wobbles that are 517 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:11,350 wobbles in their star wobbles that are about four times bigger than jupiter 518 00:15:11,350 --> 00:15:11,360 about four times bigger than jupiter 519 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:14,310 about four times bigger than jupiter induces in the sun and with 79 seti for 520 00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:14,320 induces in the sun and with 79 seti for 521 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:16,230 induces in the sun and with 79 seti for the first time we have a wobble here 522 00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:16,240 the first time we have a wobble here 523 00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:18,230 the first time we have a wobble here which is plus or minus about 11 meters a 524 00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:18,240 which is plus or minus about 11 meters a 525 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:20,389 which is plus or minus about 11 meters a second which is actually smaller than 526 00:15:20,389 --> 00:15:20,399 second which is actually smaller than 527 00:15:20,399 --> 00:15:23,030 second which is actually smaller than the wobble induced on the sun by jupiter 528 00:15:23,030 --> 00:15:23,040 the wobble induced on the sun by jupiter 529 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:24,310 the wobble induced on the sun by jupiter so for the first time we are now 530 00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:24,320 so for the first time we are now 531 00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:26,310 so for the first time we are now demonstrating that we can detect solar 532 00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:26,320 demonstrating that we can detect solar 533 00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:28,550 demonstrating that we can detect solar system like planets uh a real-live 534 00:15:28,550 --> 00:15:28,560 system like planets uh a real-live 535 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:30,230 system like planets uh a real-live jupiter-like object and a real-life 536 00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:30,240 jupiter-like object and a real-life 537 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:31,829 jupiter-like object and a real-life jupiter-like orbital distance things 538 00:15:31,829 --> 00:15:31,839 jupiter-like orbital distance things 539 00:15:31,839 --> 00:15:34,629 jupiter-like orbital distance things that would remind us of ourselves 540 00:15:34,629 --> 00:15:34,639 that would remind us of ourselves 541 00:15:34,639 --> 00:15:36,710 that would remind us of ourselves this is in fact now the biggest 542 00:15:36,710 --> 00:15:36,720 this is in fact now the biggest 543 00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:38,790 this is in fact now the biggest remaining long-term goal of this program 544 00:15:38,790 --> 00:15:38,800 remaining long-term goal of this program 545 00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:41,030 remaining long-term goal of this program to maintain this kind of precision for 546 00:15:41,030 --> 00:15:41,040 to maintain this kind of precision for 547 00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:43,670 to maintain this kind of precision for another decade so that we can answer the 548 00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:43,680 another decade so that we can answer the 549 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:45,749 another decade so that we can answer the the huge looming question what fraction 550 00:15:45,749 --> 00:15:45,759 the huge looming question what fraction 551 00:15:45,759 --> 00:15:47,110 the huge looming question what fraction of these planetary systems are going to 552 00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:47,120 of these planetary systems are going to 553 00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:49,430 of these planetary systems are going to be like our own uh is our own system 554 00:15:49,430 --> 00:15:49,440 be like our own uh is our own system 555 00:15:49,440 --> 00:15:51,350 be like our own uh is our own system rare or is it common completely open 556 00:15:51,350 --> 00:15:51,360 rare or is it common completely open 557 00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:52,790 rare or is it common completely open question that we hope to be able to 558 00:15:52,790 --> 00:15:52,800 question that we hope to be able to 559 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:54,389 question that we hope to be able to provide preliminary answers for within 560 00:15:54,389 --> 00:15:54,399 provide preliminary answers for within 561 00:15:54,399 --> 00:15:56,150 provide preliminary answers for within 10 years 562 00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:56,160 10 years 563 00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:58,310 10 years that's basically my set of comments i'll 564 00:15:58,310 --> 00:15:58,320 that's basically my set of comments i'll 565 00:15:58,320 --> 00:15:59,829 that's basically my set of comments i'll turn it over to ann now 566 00:15:59,829 --> 00:15:59,839 turn it over to ann now 567 00:15:59,839 --> 00:16:01,509 turn it over to ann now thanks paul and jeff i think this 568 00:16:01,509 --> 00:16:01,519 thanks paul and jeff i think this 569 00:16:01,519 --> 00:16:03,910 thanks paul and jeff i think this represents an incredible achievement and 570 00:16:03,910 --> 00:16:03,920 represents an incredible achievement and 571 00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:07,189 represents an incredible achievement and very impressive science 572 00:16:07,189 --> 00:16:07,199 very impressive science 573 00:16:07,199 --> 00:16:09,990 very impressive science so i'd like to turn it now to uh alan 574 00:16:09,990 --> 00:16:10,000 so i'd like to turn it now to uh alan 575 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:12,870 so i'd like to turn it now to uh alan and heidi and ask for uh comments and 576 00:16:12,870 --> 00:16:12,880 and heidi and ask for uh comments and 577 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,150 and heidi and ask for uh comments and context on these results alan okay 578 00:16:16,150 --> 00:16:16,160 context on these results alan okay 579 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:17,990 context on these results alan okay i'd like to comment on the 580 00:16:17,990 --> 00:16:18,000 i'd like to comment on the 581 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:19,430 i'd like to comment on the importance of these discoveries within 582 00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:19,440 importance of these discoveries within 583 00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:21,189 importance of these discoveries within the context of what's been discovered so 584 00:16:21,189 --> 00:16:21,199 the context of what's been discovered so 585 00:16:21,199 --> 00:16:22,790 the context of what's been discovered so far as well as what will be discovered 586 00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:22,800 far as well as what will be discovered 587 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:24,310 far as well as what will be discovered in the next few years so if i could have 588 00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:24,320 in the next few years so if i could have 589 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:27,030 in the next few years so if i could have the discovery space image please 590 00:16:27,030 --> 00:16:27,040 the discovery space image please 591 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:29,670 the discovery space image please this uh this plot shows you not only the 592 00:16:29,670 --> 00:16:29,680 this uh this plot shows you not only the 593 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:31,350 this uh this plot shows you not only the masses of the objects which have been 594 00:16:31,350 --> 00:16:31,360 masses of the objects which have been 595 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:33,030 masses of the objects which have been discovered so far but also their 596 00:16:33,030 --> 00:16:33,040 discovered so far but also their 597 00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:35,350 discovered so far but also their separations from their stars 598 00:16:35,350 --> 00:16:35,360 separations from their stars 599 00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:37,030 separations from their stars and you can see that there is at the top 600 00:16:37,030 --> 00:16:37,040 and you can see that there is at the top 601 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:38,629 and you can see that there is at the top of the of the field there are a few 602 00:16:38,629 --> 00:16:38,639 of the of the field there are a few 603 00:16:38,639 --> 00:16:41,030 of the of the field there are a few possible brown dwarf companions to some 604 00:16:41,030 --> 00:16:41,040 possible brown dwarf companions to some 605 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:43,110 possible brown dwarf companions to some of these nearby solar type stars but 606 00:16:43,110 --> 00:16:43,120 of these nearby solar type stars but 607 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:44,949 of these nearby solar type stars but they're quite rare and surprisingly rare 608 00:16:44,949 --> 00:16:44,959 they're quite rare and surprisingly rare 609 00:16:44,959 --> 00:16:47,030 they're quite rare and surprisingly rare and there's a rather large gap between 610 00:16:47,030 --> 00:16:47,040 and there's a rather large gap between 611 00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:48,949 and there's a rather large gap between the least massive brown dwarf star and 612 00:16:48,949 --> 00:16:48,959 the least massive brown dwarf star and 613 00:16:48,959 --> 00:16:50,710 the least massive brown dwarf star and what we think is the most massive planet 614 00:16:50,710 --> 00:16:50,720 what we think is the most massive planet 615 00:16:50,720 --> 00:16:53,350 what we think is the most massive planet around at around 10 jupiter masses 616 00:16:53,350 --> 00:16:53,360 around at around 10 jupiter masses 617 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:55,189 around at around 10 jupiter masses then below 10 jupiter masses there's 618 00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:55,199 then below 10 jupiter masses there's 619 00:16:55,199 --> 00:16:56,310 then below 10 jupiter masses there's this 620 00:16:56,310 --> 00:16:56,320 this 621 00:16:56,320 --> 00:16:57,910 this grouping of objects that we believe are 622 00:16:57,910 --> 00:16:57,920 grouping of objects that we believe are 623 00:16:57,920 --> 00:16:59,509 grouping of objects that we believe are gas giant planets very similar to our 624 00:16:59,509 --> 00:16:59,519 gas giant planets very similar to our 625 00:16:59,519 --> 00:17:01,430 gas giant planets very similar to our own jupiter and there are roughly 30 or 626 00:17:01,430 --> 00:17:01,440 own jupiter and there are roughly 30 or 627 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:03,590 own jupiter and there are roughly 30 or so those objects now 628 00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:03,600 so those objects now 629 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:05,270 so those objects now now what you see is first of all at the 630 00:17:05,270 --> 00:17:05,280 now what you see is first of all at the 631 00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:07,429 now what you see is first of all at the very bottom are the two new discoveries 632 00:17:07,429 --> 00:17:07,439 very bottom are the two new discoveries 633 00:17:07,439 --> 00:17:11,189 very bottom are the two new discoveries uh highly in in pink hd 46375 and 79 634 00:17:11,189 --> 00:17:11,199 uh highly in in pink hd 46375 and 79 635 00:17:11,199 --> 00:17:13,029 uh highly in in pink hd 46375 and 79 seti those are the two newly discovered 636 00:17:13,029 --> 00:17:13,039 seti those are the two newly discovered 637 00:17:13,039 --> 00:17:15,669 seti those are the two newly discovered planets and as paul pointed out they map 638 00:17:15,669 --> 00:17:15,679 planets and as paul pointed out they map 639 00:17:15,679 --> 00:17:17,590 planets and as paul pointed out they map out a new area of discovery space 640 00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:17,600 out a new area of discovery space 641 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:19,189 out a new area of discovery space they're pushing down the region where we 642 00:17:19,189 --> 00:17:19,199 they're pushing down the region where we 643 00:17:19,199 --> 00:17:20,630 they're pushing down the region where we can find extrasolar planets to 644 00:17:20,630 --> 00:17:20,640 can find extrasolar planets to 645 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:21,990 can find extrasolar planets to considerably lower masses than what 646 00:17:21,990 --> 00:17:22,000 considerably lower masses than what 647 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:23,350 considerably lower masses than what we've seen before 648 00:17:23,350 --> 00:17:23,360 we've seen before 649 00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:24,710 we've seen before the first point i want to make about 650 00:17:24,710 --> 00:17:24,720 the first point i want to make about 651 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:26,549 the first point i want to make about this though is what you don't see on 652 00:17:26,549 --> 00:17:26,559 this though is what you don't see on 653 00:17:26,559 --> 00:17:29,270 this though is what you don't see on this plot which is that you do not see 654 00:17:29,270 --> 00:17:29,280 this plot which is that you do not see 655 00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:30,630 this plot which is that you do not see another gap 656 00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:30,640 another gap 657 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:32,150 another gap you see there's a gap up at the top of 658 00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:32,160 you see there's a gap up at the top of 659 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:33,750 you see there's a gap up at the top of the plot that helps us separate out 660 00:17:33,750 --> 00:17:33,760 the plot that helps us separate out 661 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:36,230 the plot that helps us separate out brown dwarf stars from gas giant planets 662 00:17:36,230 --> 00:17:36,240 brown dwarf stars from gas giant planets 663 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:38,150 brown dwarf stars from gas giant planets but there's no such gap evidence in the 664 00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:38,160 but there's no such gap evidence in the 665 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:39,669 but there's no such gap evidence in the distribution of what we believe are 666 00:17:39,669 --> 00:17:39,679 distribution of what we believe are 667 00:17:39,679 --> 00:17:42,070 distribution of what we believe are planets implying we really are seeing a 668 00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:42,080 planets implying we really are seeing a 669 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:44,630 planets implying we really are seeing a continuous distribution in masses of 670 00:17:44,630 --> 00:17:44,640 continuous distribution in masses of 671 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:46,549 continuous distribution in masses of objects that are gas giant planets and 672 00:17:46,549 --> 00:17:46,559 objects that are gas giant planets and 673 00:17:46,559 --> 00:17:48,390 objects that are gas giant planets and going into the range perhaps of ice 674 00:17:48,390 --> 00:17:48,400 going into the range perhaps of ice 675 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:50,310 going into the range perhaps of ice giant planets eventually and so what 676 00:17:50,310 --> 00:17:50,320 giant planets eventually and so what 677 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:52,390 giant planets eventually and so what we're seeing is really just the tip of 678 00:17:52,390 --> 00:17:52,400 we're seeing is really just the tip of 679 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,150 we're seeing is really just the tip of an iceberg that there is an 680 00:17:54,150 --> 00:17:54,160 an iceberg that there is an 681 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:56,150 an iceberg that there is an incredible number of other plants we'll 682 00:17:56,150 --> 00:17:56,160 incredible number of other plants we'll 683 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:58,230 incredible number of other plants we'll be finding as our search techniques 684 00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:58,240 be finding as our search techniques 685 00:17:58,240 --> 00:17:59,909 be finding as our search techniques improve if i could have the graphic 686 00:17:59,909 --> 00:17:59,919 improve if i could have the graphic 687 00:17:59,919 --> 00:18:01,909 improve if i could have the graphic backing i want to make the second point 688 00:18:01,909 --> 00:18:01,919 backing i want to make the second point 689 00:18:01,919 --> 00:18:04,390 backing i want to make the second point which is actually mentioned by by paul 690 00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:04,400 which is actually mentioned by by paul 691 00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:05,270 which is actually mentioned by by paul again 692 00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:05,280 again 693 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:06,950 again name you'll notice that 79 seti is 694 00:18:06,950 --> 00:18:06,960 name you'll notice that 79 seti is 695 00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:08,950 name you'll notice that 79 seti is sitting out in a region of parameter 696 00:18:08,950 --> 00:18:08,960 sitting out in a region of parameter 697 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:10,150 sitting out in a region of parameter space that is 698 00:18:10,150 --> 00:18:10,160 space that is 699 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:12,710 space that is untouched by previous observations all 700 00:18:12,710 --> 00:18:12,720 untouched by previous observations all 701 00:18:12,720 --> 00:18:14,950 untouched by previous observations all the previous observations lie above that 702 00:18:14,950 --> 00:18:14,960 the previous observations lie above that 703 00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:17,190 the previous observations lie above that top dashed line called old detection 704 00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:17,200 top dashed line called old detection 705 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:18,789 top dashed line called old detection limit which tells you basically that 706 00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:18,799 limit which tells you basically that 707 00:18:18,799 --> 00:18:20,150 limit which tells you basically that with a certain amount of precision of 708 00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:20,160 with a certain amount of precision of 709 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:21,830 with a certain amount of precision of your radial velocity search you can find 710 00:18:21,830 --> 00:18:21,840 your radial velocity search you can find 711 00:18:21,840 --> 00:18:23,830 your radial velocity search you can find everything above that line 712 00:18:23,830 --> 00:18:23,840 everything above that line 713 00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:26,549 everything above that line 79 city for the first time defines a new 714 00:18:26,549 --> 00:18:26,559 79 city for the first time defines a new 715 00:18:26,559 --> 00:18:28,549 79 city for the first time defines a new line the line says which says new 716 00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:28,559 line the line says which says new 717 00:18:28,559 --> 00:18:30,630 line the line says which says new detection limit pushes it down into a 718 00:18:30,630 --> 00:18:30,640 detection limit pushes it down into a 719 00:18:30,640 --> 00:18:33,350 detection limit pushes it down into a regime where we can expect to find 720 00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:33,360 regime where we can expect to find 721 00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:35,909 regime where we can expect to find around other stars jupiter 722 00:18:35,909 --> 00:18:35,919 around other stars jupiter 723 00:18:35,919 --> 00:18:38,070 around other stars jupiter analogs that is truly jupiter mass 724 00:18:38,070 --> 00:18:38,080 analogs that is truly jupiter mass 725 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:40,150 analogs that is truly jupiter mass objects with 12-year period orbits like 726 00:18:40,150 --> 00:18:40,160 objects with 12-year period orbits like 727 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:42,150 objects with 12-year period orbits like jupiter in our solar system and that 728 00:18:42,150 --> 00:18:42,160 jupiter in our solar system and that 729 00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:43,110 jupiter in our solar system and that sort of 730 00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:43,120 sort of 731 00:18:43,120 --> 00:18:45,430 sort of object is really in many ways the holy 732 00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:45,440 object is really in many ways the holy 733 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:47,909 object is really in many ways the holy grail of what we're after now because 734 00:18:47,909 --> 00:18:47,919 grail of what we're after now because 735 00:18:47,919 --> 00:18:50,549 grail of what we're after now because such an object could actually uh 736 00:18:50,549 --> 00:18:50,559 such an object could actually uh 737 00:18:50,559 --> 00:18:51,510 such an object could actually uh also 738 00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:51,520 also 739 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:53,510 also be a signpost for finding an earth-like 740 00:18:53,510 --> 00:18:53,520 be a signpost for finding an earth-like 741 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:54,870 be a signpost for finding an earth-like planet which is which is really what 742 00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:54,880 planet which is which is really what 743 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:56,470 planet which is which is really what we're trying to find and holy grail is 744 00:18:56,470 --> 00:18:56,480 we're trying to find and holy grail is 745 00:18:56,480 --> 00:18:58,150 we're trying to find and holy grail is sort of a term that gets used and 746 00:18:58,150 --> 00:18:58,160 sort of a term that gets used and 747 00:18:58,160 --> 00:18:59,750 sort of a term that gets used and overused too much i've tried to think of 748 00:18:59,750 --> 00:18:59,760 overused too much i've tried to think of 749 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:01,270 overused too much i've tried to think of another analogy i thought perhaps the 750 00:19:01,270 --> 00:19:01,280 another analogy i thought perhaps the 751 00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:02,950 another analogy i thought perhaps the golden fleece but of course that has 752 00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:02,960 golden fleece but of course that has 753 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:05,110 golden fleece but of course that has some rather unfortunate uh connotations 754 00:19:05,110 --> 00:19:05,120 some rather unfortunate uh connotations 755 00:19:05,120 --> 00:19:07,029 some rather unfortunate uh connotations because of senator william proxmeier but 756 00:19:07,029 --> 00:19:07,039 because of senator william proxmeier but 757 00:19:07,039 --> 00:19:08,390 because of senator william proxmeier but you get the idea we're looking for 758 00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:08,400 you get the idea we're looking for 759 00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:09,830 you get the idea we're looking for something which is very valuable and 760 00:19:09,830 --> 00:19:09,840 something which is very valuable and 761 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:12,470 something which is very valuable and very hard to find and the real goal of 762 00:19:12,470 --> 00:19:12,480 very hard to find and the real goal of 763 00:19:12,480 --> 00:19:14,310 very hard to find and the real goal of much of this long-term program is to try 764 00:19:14,310 --> 00:19:14,320 much of this long-term program is to try 765 00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:16,390 much of this long-term program is to try to find a habitable earth if we can find 766 00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:16,400 to find a habitable earth if we can find 767 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,350 to find a habitable earth if we can find a long period jupiter around a nearby 768 00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:19,360 a long period jupiter around a nearby 769 00:19:19,360 --> 00:19:20,710 a long period jupiter around a nearby star then that will tell us that might 770 00:19:20,710 --> 00:19:20,720 star then that will tell us that might 771 00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:22,310 star then that will tell us that might be a very good candidate for looking for 772 00:19:22,310 --> 00:19:22,320 be a very good candidate for looking for 773 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:24,470 be a very good candidate for looking for another earth and my colleague heidi 774 00:19:24,470 --> 00:19:24,480 another earth and my colleague heidi 775 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:25,750 another earth and my colleague heidi will be telling us a bit more about what 776 00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:25,760 will be telling us a bit more about what 777 00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:27,190 will be telling us a bit more about what we can expect to find in the next few 778 00:19:27,190 --> 00:19:27,200 we can expect to find in the next few 779 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:28,230 we can expect to find in the next few years 780 00:19:28,230 --> 00:19:28,240 years 781 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:29,909 years that's right i'd like to actually go 782 00:19:29,909 --> 00:19:29,919 that's right i'd like to actually go 783 00:19:29,919 --> 00:19:31,830 that's right i'd like to actually go back to that graphic again it's a very 784 00:19:31,830 --> 00:19:31,840 back to that graphic again it's a very 785 00:19:31,840 --> 00:19:34,070 back to that graphic again it's a very complicated graphic but it has so much 786 00:19:34,070 --> 00:19:34,080 complicated graphic but it has so much 787 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:35,350 complicated graphic but it has so much information 788 00:19:35,350 --> 00:19:35,360 information 789 00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:38,230 information it really tells us a very a great deal 790 00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:38,240 it really tells us a very a great deal 791 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:40,230 it really tells us a very a great deal about what we're talking about today i 792 00:19:40,230 --> 00:19:40,240 about what we're talking about today i 793 00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:41,669 about what we're talking about today i also want to highlight something that's 794 00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:41,679 also want to highlight something that's 795 00:19:41,679 --> 00:19:43,990 also want to highlight something that's not on this graphic and that is 796 00:19:43,990 --> 00:19:44,000 not on this graphic and that is 797 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,549 not on this graphic and that is other planets in our solar system 798 00:19:46,549 --> 00:19:46,559 other planets in our solar system 799 00:19:46,559 --> 00:19:48,789 other planets in our solar system to really put this in context for you 800 00:19:48,789 --> 00:19:48,799 to really put this in context for you 801 00:19:48,799 --> 00:19:51,190 to really put this in context for you you see the two uh points there of the 802 00:19:51,190 --> 00:19:51,200 you see the two uh points there of the 803 00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:53,270 you see the two uh points there of the new star the new planets that have been 804 00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:53,280 new star the new planets that have been 805 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:55,669 new star the new planets that have been found and you see jupiter which lies 806 00:19:55,669 --> 00:19:55,679 found and you see jupiter which lies 807 00:19:55,679 --> 00:19:57,990 found and you see jupiter which lies within the space that we can detect but 808 00:19:57,990 --> 00:19:58,000 within the space that we can detect but 809 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,029 within the space that we can detect but saturn is also not in the realm of 810 00:20:01,029 --> 00:20:01,039 saturn is also not in the realm of 811 00:20:01,039 --> 00:20:04,149 saturn is also not in the realm of detectability by this technique um with 812 00:20:04,149 --> 00:20:04,159 detectability by this technique um with 813 00:20:04,159 --> 00:20:05,990 detectability by this technique um with the kinds of work that this team is 814 00:20:05,990 --> 00:20:06,000 the kinds of work that this team is 815 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,310 the kinds of work that this team is doing they're pushing and pushing and 816 00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:08,320 doing they're pushing and pushing and 817 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:10,549 doing they're pushing and pushing and pushing and they probably will be able 818 00:20:10,549 --> 00:20:10,559 pushing and they probably will be able 819 00:20:10,559 --> 00:20:12,470 pushing and they probably will be able to get to well they have gotten to 820 00:20:12,470 --> 00:20:12,480 to get to well they have gotten to 821 00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:15,110 to get to well they have gotten to saturn masses but they haven't gotten 822 00:20:15,110 --> 00:20:15,120 saturn masses but they haven't gotten 823 00:20:15,120 --> 00:20:16,149 saturn masses but they haven't gotten yet to 824 00:20:16,149 --> 00:20:16,159 yet to 825 00:20:16,159 --> 00:20:17,590 yet to saturn 826 00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:17,600 saturn 827 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:19,830 saturn orbits and they'll probably be able to 828 00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:19,840 orbits and they'll probably be able to 829 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:22,549 orbits and they'll probably be able to push down the uranus masses too and i 830 00:20:22,549 --> 00:20:22,559 push down the uranus masses too and i 831 00:20:22,559 --> 00:20:24,390 push down the uranus masses too and i expected a year or maybe even less than 832 00:20:24,390 --> 00:20:24,400 expected a year or maybe even less than 833 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:25,590 expected a year or maybe even less than that we'll be hearing from them again 834 00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:25,600 that we'll be hearing from them again 835 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:27,830 that we'll be hearing from them again about uranus-sized planets but what 836 00:20:27,830 --> 00:20:27,840 about uranus-sized planets but what 837 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:29,909 about uranus-sized planets but what about earth-type planets where would 838 00:20:29,909 --> 00:20:29,919 about earth-type planets where would 839 00:20:29,919 --> 00:20:31,830 about earth-type planets where would they fall on that graph that we're 840 00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:31,840 they fall on that graph that we're 841 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:34,549 they fall on that graph that we're talking about the answer is earth 842 00:20:34,549 --> 00:20:34,559 talking about the answer is earth 843 00:20:34,559 --> 00:20:36,950 talking about the answer is earth doesn't fall on that graph it's so far 844 00:20:36,950 --> 00:20:36,960 doesn't fall on that graph it's so far 845 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:39,590 doesn't fall on that graph it's so far below it's so small that you wouldn't 846 00:20:39,590 --> 00:20:39,600 below it's so small that you wouldn't 847 00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,549 below it's so small that you wouldn't even see it on that figure and so we're 848 00:20:42,549 --> 00:20:42,559 even see it on that figure and so we're 849 00:20:42,559 --> 00:20:43,669 even see it on that figure and so we're really 850 00:20:43,669 --> 00:20:43,679 really 851 00:20:43,679 --> 00:20:45,750 really when we're looking to the future 852 00:20:45,750 --> 00:20:45,760 when we're looking to the future 853 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:49,190 when we're looking to the future we're really looking at even 854 00:20:49,190 --> 00:20:49,200 we're really looking at even 855 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,430 we're really looking at even different techniques we're looking at 856 00:20:51,430 --> 00:20:51,440 different techniques we're looking at 857 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:54,310 different techniques we're looking at space-based missions to find terrestrial 858 00:20:54,310 --> 00:20:54,320 space-based missions to find terrestrial 859 00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:57,750 space-based missions to find terrestrial planets and that's of course another 860 00:20:57,750 --> 00:20:57,760 planets and that's of course another 861 00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:01,029 planets and that's of course another holy grail if you will or golden fleece 862 00:21:01,029 --> 00:21:01,039 holy grail if you will or golden fleece 863 00:21:01,039 --> 00:21:02,870 holy grail if you will or golden fleece we're really looking hard to find 864 00:21:02,870 --> 00:21:02,880 we're really looking hard to find 865 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:05,270 we're really looking hard to find terrestrial-type planets it's a key goal 866 00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:05,280 terrestrial-type planets it's a key goal 867 00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:07,669 terrestrial-type planets it's a key goal of what nasa is trying to do 868 00:21:07,669 --> 00:21:07,679 of what nasa is trying to do 869 00:21:07,679 --> 00:21:09,590 of what nasa is trying to do and for that we're going to need to go 870 00:21:09,590 --> 00:21:09,600 and for that we're going to need to go 871 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,110 and for that we're going to need to go into outer space and we're going to be 872 00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:11,120 into outer space and we're going to be 873 00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:13,830 into outer space and we're going to be needing slightly newer techniques we're 874 00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:13,840 needing slightly newer techniques we're 875 00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:15,350 needing slightly newer techniques we're going to be needing to use techniques 876 00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:15,360 going to be needing to use techniques 877 00:21:15,360 --> 00:21:17,510 going to be needing to use techniques called interferometry for example the 878 00:21:17,510 --> 00:21:17,520 called interferometry for example the 879 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:20,789 called interferometry for example the space interferometer mission we'll also 880 00:21:20,789 --> 00:21:20,799 space interferometer mission we'll also 881 00:21:20,799 --> 00:21:22,470 space interferometer mission we'll also be looking at 882 00:21:22,470 --> 00:21:22,480 be looking at 883 00:21:22,480 --> 00:21:25,029 be looking at the terrestrial planet finder mission 884 00:21:25,029 --> 00:21:25,039 the terrestrial planet finder mission 885 00:21:25,039 --> 00:21:26,630 the terrestrial planet finder mission these are going to be 886 00:21:26,630 --> 00:21:26,640 these are going to be 887 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:27,510 these are going to be very 888 00:21:27,510 --> 00:21:27,520 very 889 00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:29,029 very important things that we're going to do 890 00:21:29,029 --> 00:21:29,039 important things that we're going to do 891 00:21:29,039 --> 00:21:32,070 important things that we're going to do in the future the important news today 892 00:21:32,070 --> 00:21:32,080 in the future the important news today 893 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:34,470 in the future the important news today the reason we're here talking to you 894 00:21:34,470 --> 00:21:34,480 the reason we're here talking to you 895 00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:36,950 the reason we're here talking to you is that the discovery of 896 00:21:36,950 --> 00:21:36,960 is that the discovery of 897 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:39,909 is that the discovery of saturn-sized objects is an extremely 898 00:21:39,909 --> 00:21:39,919 saturn-sized objects is an extremely 899 00:21:39,919 --> 00:21:41,990 saturn-sized objects is an extremely critical step 900 00:21:41,990 --> 00:21:42,000 critical step 901 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,270 critical step towards finding terrestrial type planets 902 00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:45,280 towards finding terrestrial type planets 903 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:47,430 towards finding terrestrial type planets we are now as we've said pushing 904 00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:47,440 we are now as we've said pushing 905 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:49,830 we are now as we've said pushing boundaries that we have not pushed 906 00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:49,840 boundaries that we have not pushed 907 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:52,070 boundaries that we have not pushed before and so that is why we are all 908 00:21:52,070 --> 00:21:52,080 before and so that is why we are all 909 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:55,990 before and so that is why we are all very excited about today's results 910 00:21:55,990 --> 00:21:56,000 911 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:57,669 thanks heidi 912 00:21:57,669 --> 00:21:57,679 thanks heidi 913 00:21:57,679 --> 00:22:00,549 thanks heidi and before we go back to don i'd just 914 00:22:00,549 --> 00:22:00,559 and before we go back to don i'd just 915 00:22:00,559 --> 00:22:03,510 and before we go back to don i'd just like to ask jeff and paul 916 00:22:03,510 --> 00:22:03,520 like to ask jeff and paul 917 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:05,750 like to ask jeff and paul what these discoveries tell us about our 918 00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:05,760 what these discoveries tell us about our 919 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:09,590 what these discoveries tell us about our own solar system 920 00:22:09,590 --> 00:22:09,600 921 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:11,510 i think one of the remarkable 922 00:22:11,510 --> 00:22:11,520 i think one of the remarkable 923 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:13,350 i think one of the remarkable aspects of these discoveries and our 924 00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:13,360 aspects of these discoveries and our 925 00:22:13,360 --> 00:22:15,430 aspects of these discoveries and our previous ones is that for the first time 926 00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:15,440 previous ones is that for the first time 927 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:17,990 previous ones is that for the first time in human history we can compare 928 00:22:17,990 --> 00:22:18,000 in human history we can compare 929 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:19,669 in human history we can compare the characteristics of our own solar 930 00:22:19,669 --> 00:22:19,679 the characteristics of our own solar 931 00:22:19,679 --> 00:22:21,669 the characteristics of our own solar system with the exquisite nine planets 932 00:22:21,669 --> 00:22:21,679 system with the exquisite nine planets 933 00:22:21,679 --> 00:22:24,310 system with the exquisite nine planets one of which we cherish the earth 934 00:22:24,310 --> 00:22:24,320 one of which we cherish the earth 935 00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:26,870 one of which we cherish the earth all of which reside in circular orbits 936 00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:26,880 all of which reside in circular orbits 937 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:28,549 all of which reside in circular orbits some of them are massive like jupiter 938 00:22:28,549 --> 00:22:28,559 some of them are massive like jupiter 939 00:22:28,559 --> 00:22:30,230 some of them are massive like jupiter and saturn some of them are rocky like 940 00:22:30,230 --> 00:22:30,240 and saturn some of them are rocky like 941 00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:32,230 and saturn some of them are rocky like the earth mars venus 942 00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:32,240 the earth mars venus 943 00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:35,110 the earth mars venus and we have the opportunity now finally 944 00:22:35,110 --> 00:22:35,120 and we have the opportunity now finally 945 00:22:35,120 --> 00:22:38,149 and we have the opportunity now finally to compare our solar system 946 00:22:38,149 --> 00:22:38,159 to compare our solar system 947 00:22:38,159 --> 00:22:41,430 to compare our solar system to planetary systems as a generic class 948 00:22:41,430 --> 00:22:41,440 to planetary systems as a generic class 949 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:43,669 to planetary systems as a generic class in our milky way galaxy 950 00:22:43,669 --> 00:22:43,679 in our milky way galaxy 951 00:22:43,679 --> 00:22:46,070 in our milky way galaxy and the early signs are a little bit 952 00:22:46,070 --> 00:22:46,080 and the early signs are a little bit 953 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:49,190 and the early signs are a little bit frightening actually and it is in brief 954 00:22:49,190 --> 00:22:49,200 frightening actually and it is in brief 955 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:49,990 frightening actually and it is in brief that 956 00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:50,000 that 957 00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:52,390 that the planets we are finding as paul 958 00:22:52,390 --> 00:22:52,400 the planets we are finding as paul 959 00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:53,590 the planets we are finding as paul alluded 960 00:22:53,590 --> 00:22:53,600 alluded 961 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:56,789 alluded typically are in elongated eccentric 962 00:22:56,789 --> 00:22:56,799 typically are in elongated eccentric 963 00:22:56,799 --> 00:23:00,230 typically are in elongated eccentric orbits rather than circular orbits that 964 00:23:00,230 --> 00:23:00,240 orbits rather than circular orbits that 965 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:02,310 orbits rather than circular orbits that characterize the nine planets in our own 966 00:23:02,310 --> 00:23:02,320 characterize the nine planets in our own 967 00:23:02,320 --> 00:23:05,029 characterize the nine planets in our own solar system and so the early returns in 968 00:23:05,029 --> 00:23:05,039 solar system and so the early returns in 969 00:23:05,039 --> 00:23:08,070 solar system and so the early returns in this poll of planets suggests that our 970 00:23:08,070 --> 00:23:08,080 this poll of planets suggests that our 971 00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:10,950 this poll of planets suggests that our solar system is somewhat unusual this is 972 00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:10,960 solar system is somewhat unusual this is 973 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:13,510 solar system is somewhat unusual this is an entirely preliminary thought because 974 00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:13,520 an entirely preliminary thought because 975 00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:16,230 an entirely preliminary thought because we have not yet discovered true jupiter 976 00:23:16,230 --> 00:23:16,240 we have not yet discovered true jupiter 977 00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:17,430 we have not yet discovered true jupiter analogs 978 00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:17,440 analogs 979 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:20,310 analogs that alan and heidi were referring to 980 00:23:20,310 --> 00:23:20,320 that alan and heidi were referring to 981 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,630 that alan and heidi were referring to and when we can find jupiter analogs 982 00:23:22,630 --> 00:23:22,640 and when we can find jupiter analogs 983 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,510 and when we can find jupiter analogs that orbit as far from their star as our 984 00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:25,520 that orbit as far from their star as our 985 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:27,750 that orbit as far from their star as our jupiter orbits the sun then we'll be 986 00:23:27,750 --> 00:23:27,760 jupiter orbits the sun then we'll be 987 00:23:27,760 --> 00:23:30,149 jupiter orbits the sun then we'll be able to do a direct comparison but the 988 00:23:30,149 --> 00:23:30,159 able to do a direct comparison but the 989 00:23:30,159 --> 00:23:33,750 able to do a direct comparison but the early suggestion is that the orbits of 990 00:23:33,750 --> 00:23:33,760 early suggestion is that the orbits of 991 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:36,149 early suggestion is that the orbits of planets around other stars are more 992 00:23:36,149 --> 00:23:36,159 planets around other stars are more 993 00:23:36,159 --> 00:23:38,230 planets around other stars are more eccentric than those in our own solar 994 00:23:38,230 --> 00:23:38,240 eccentric than those in our own solar 995 00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:40,710 eccentric than those in our own solar system and this may have something to do 996 00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:40,720 system and this may have something to do 997 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,310 system and this may have something to do with the fact that biology and life has 998 00:23:44,310 --> 00:23:44,320 with the fact that biology and life has 999 00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:46,549 with the fact that biology and life has flourished here on the earth in our 1000 00:23:46,549 --> 00:23:46,559 flourished here on the earth in our 1001 00:23:46,559 --> 00:23:49,590 flourished here on the earth in our solar system 1002 00:23:49,590 --> 00:23:49,600 1003 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,070 i'd like to um go back to the mass 1004 00:23:52,070 --> 00:23:52,080 i'd like to um go back to the mass 1005 00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:54,310 i'd like to um go back to the mass distribution diagram for just a moment 1006 00:23:54,310 --> 00:23:54,320 distribution diagram for just a moment 1007 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:55,510 distribution diagram for just a moment uh 1008 00:23:55,510 --> 00:23:55,520 uh 1009 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:57,269 uh one of the extraordinary things about 1010 00:23:57,269 --> 00:23:57,279 one of the extraordinary things about 1011 00:23:57,279 --> 00:23:58,710 one of the extraordinary things about the distribution of course is that as 1012 00:23:58,710 --> 00:23:58,720 the distribution of course is that as 1013 00:23:58,720 --> 00:23:59,750 the distribution of course is that as you go to lower masses you're seeing 1014 00:23:59,750 --> 00:23:59,760 you go to lower masses you're seeing 1015 00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:01,110 you go to lower masses you're seeing more and more objects although they're 1016 00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:01,120 more and more objects although they're 1017 00:24:01,120 --> 00:24:02,630 more and more objects although they're harder to detect 1018 00:24:02,630 --> 00:24:02,640 harder to detect 1019 00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:05,510 harder to detect and if we are to maybe somewhat wildly 1020 00:24:05,510 --> 00:24:05,520 and if we are to maybe somewhat wildly 1021 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:07,750 and if we are to maybe somewhat wildly uh extrapolate that diagram down to 1022 00:24:07,750 --> 00:24:07,760 uh extrapolate that diagram down to 1023 00:24:07,760 --> 00:24:10,070 uh extrapolate that diagram down to earth masses the early suggestion is 1024 00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:10,080 earth masses the early suggestion is 1025 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:12,070 earth masses the early suggestion is that earth mass planets are probably 1026 00:24:12,070 --> 00:24:12,080 that earth mass planets are probably 1027 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:13,590 that earth mass planets are probably extremely common in the galaxy the 1028 00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:13,600 extremely common in the galaxy the 1029 00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:15,029 extremely common in the galaxy the galaxy might just be littered with earth 1030 00:24:15,029 --> 00:24:15,039 galaxy might just be littered with earth 1031 00:24:15,039 --> 00:24:16,830 galaxy might just be littered with earth mass planets 1032 00:24:16,830 --> 00:24:16,840 mass planets 1033 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,149 mass planets um the second point is jeff was 1034 00:24:20,149 --> 00:24:20,159 um the second point is jeff was 1035 00:24:20,159 --> 00:24:21,430 um the second point is jeff was referring to was of course the 1036 00:24:21,430 --> 00:24:21,440 referring to was of course the 1037 00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:23,909 referring to was of course the habitability of these potential earths 1038 00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:23,919 habitability of these potential earths 1039 00:24:23,919 --> 00:24:25,350 habitability of these potential earths and um 1040 00:24:25,350 --> 00:24:25,360 and um 1041 00:24:25,360 --> 00:24:27,110 and um the eccentricity of the orbits of course 1042 00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:27,120 the eccentricity of the orbits of course 1043 00:24:27,120 --> 00:24:28,710 the eccentricity of the orbits of course of the planets we're finding right now 1044 00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:28,720 of the planets we're finding right now 1045 00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:30,870 of the planets we're finding right now probably rule out nice stable uh 1046 00:24:30,870 --> 00:24:30,880 probably rule out nice stable uh 1047 00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,110 probably rule out nice stable uh earth-like orbital positions where you 1048 00:24:33,110 --> 00:24:33,120 earth-like orbital positions where you 1049 00:24:33,120 --> 00:24:34,549 earth-like orbital positions where you get liquid water 1050 00:24:34,549 --> 00:24:34,559 get liquid water 1051 00:24:34,559 --> 00:24:37,269 get liquid water um we can have the uh the graphic of the 1052 00:24:37,269 --> 00:24:37,279 um we can have the uh the graphic of the 1053 00:24:37,279 --> 00:24:39,029 um we can have the uh the graphic of the orbital distribution or the uh the 1054 00:24:39,029 --> 00:24:39,039 orbital distribution or the uh the 1055 00:24:39,039 --> 00:24:41,750 orbital distribution or the uh the orbits 1056 00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:41,760 1057 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:44,230 in this diagram here you see where the 1058 00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:44,240 in this diagram here you see where the 1059 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:45,990 in this diagram here you see where the sub-saturn that was that we're 1060 00:24:45,990 --> 00:24:46,000 sub-saturn that was that we're 1061 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,549 sub-saturn that was that we're announcing today 79 seti how it fits in 1062 00:24:48,549 --> 00:24:48,559 announcing today 79 seti how it fits in 1063 00:24:48,559 --> 00:24:50,710 announcing today 79 seti how it fits in relative to the solar system a planet 1064 00:24:50,710 --> 00:24:50,720 relative to the solar system a planet 1065 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:51,750 relative to the solar system a planet like this 1066 00:24:51,750 --> 00:24:51,760 like this 1067 00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:53,510 like this eve it's about a border hundreds uh 1068 00:24:53,510 --> 00:24:53,520 eve it's about a border hundreds uh 1069 00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:55,830 eve it's about a border hundreds uh earth masses would make stable orbits in 1070 00:24:55,830 --> 00:24:55,840 earth masses would make stable orbits in 1071 00:24:55,840 --> 00:24:57,909 earth masses would make stable orbits in the inner solar system impossible so if 1072 00:24:57,909 --> 00:24:57,919 the inner solar system impossible so if 1073 00:24:57,919 --> 00:24:59,190 the inner solar system impossible so if such a planet were in our own solar 1074 00:24:59,190 --> 00:24:59,200 such a planet were in our own solar 1075 00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,149 such a planet were in our own solar system we wouldn't be here um it 1076 00:25:02,149 --> 00:25:02,159 system we wouldn't be here um it 1077 00:25:02,159 --> 00:25:04,070 system we wouldn't be here um it turns out that uh in addition to the 1078 00:25:04,070 --> 00:25:04,080 turns out that uh in addition to the 1079 00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:05,750 turns out that uh in addition to the fact that our orbit is circular which 1080 00:25:05,750 --> 00:25:05,760 fact that our orbit is circular which 1081 00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:07,830 fact that our orbit is circular which makes for a nice stable uh climate and 1082 00:25:07,830 --> 00:25:07,840 makes for a nice stable uh climate and 1083 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:09,750 makes for a nice stable uh climate and allows liquid water to exist year round 1084 00:25:09,750 --> 00:25:09,760 allows liquid water to exist year round 1085 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:11,350 allows liquid water to exist year round and life to flourish 1086 00:25:11,350 --> 00:25:11,360 and life to flourish 1087 00:25:11,360 --> 00:25:13,269 and life to flourish the other planet that's critical to our 1088 00:25:13,269 --> 00:25:13,279 the other planet that's critical to our 1089 00:25:13,279 --> 00:25:16,149 the other planet that's critical to our life uh is jupiter and the circularity 1090 00:25:16,149 --> 00:25:16,159 life uh is jupiter and the circularity 1091 00:25:16,159 --> 00:25:18,310 life uh is jupiter and the circularity of jupiter's orbit because jupiter is 1092 00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:18,320 of jupiter's orbit because jupiter is 1093 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:20,789 of jupiter's orbit because jupiter is the big boy on the block uh more massive 1094 00:25:20,789 --> 00:25:20,799 the big boy on the block uh more massive 1095 00:25:20,799 --> 00:25:22,789 the big boy on the block uh more massive than all the other planets combined 1096 00:25:22,789 --> 00:25:22,799 than all the other planets combined 1097 00:25:22,799 --> 00:25:24,310 than all the other planets combined whatever it does it enforces on 1098 00:25:24,310 --> 00:25:24,320 whatever it does it enforces on 1099 00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:25,990 whatever it does it enforces on everybody else and by virtue of the fact 1100 00:25:25,990 --> 00:25:26,000 everybody else and by virtue of the fact 1101 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:27,909 everybody else and by virtue of the fact that jupiter is in a circular orbit it 1102 00:25:27,909 --> 00:25:27,919 that jupiter is in a circular orbit it 1103 00:25:27,919 --> 00:25:30,390 that jupiter is in a circular orbit it enforces circularity on the rest of us 1104 00:25:30,390 --> 00:25:30,400 enforces circularity on the rest of us 1105 00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:32,390 enforces circularity on the rest of us jupiter does a second extremely critical 1106 00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:32,400 jupiter does a second extremely critical 1107 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,230 jupiter does a second extremely critical thing which george weather pointed out 1108 00:25:34,230 --> 00:25:34,240 thing which george weather pointed out 1109 00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:36,149 thing which george weather pointed out it acts as an enormous gravitational 1110 00:25:36,149 --> 00:25:36,159 it acts as an enormous gravitational 1111 00:25:36,159 --> 00:25:37,830 it acts as an enormous gravitational vacuum cleaner sweeping up all of the 1112 00:25:37,830 --> 00:25:37,840 vacuum cleaner sweeping up all of the 1113 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:39,190 vacuum cleaner sweeping up all of the comets and asteroids which might 1114 00:25:39,190 --> 00:25:39,200 comets and asteroids which might 1115 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:41,510 comets and asteroids which might otherwise smash into us and so instead 1116 00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:41,520 otherwise smash into us and so instead 1117 00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:43,830 otherwise smash into us and so instead of having uh one of these huge dinosaur 1118 00:25:43,830 --> 00:25:43,840 of having uh one of these huge dinosaur 1119 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:45,909 of having uh one of these huge dinosaur killing impacts every few weeks we only 1120 00:25:45,909 --> 00:25:45,919 killing impacts every few weeks we only 1121 00:25:45,919 --> 00:25:47,990 killing impacts every few weeks we only have them every uh 10 or 30 million 1122 00:25:47,990 --> 00:25:48,000 have them every uh 10 or 30 million 1123 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,310 have them every uh 10 or 30 million years so jupiter has these two critical 1124 00:25:50,310 --> 00:25:50,320 years so jupiter has these two critical 1125 00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:52,149 years so jupiter has these two critical things to make our existence possible 1126 00:25:52,149 --> 00:25:52,159 things to make our existence possible 1127 00:25:52,159 --> 00:25:54,230 things to make our existence possible and that's why it's so important for us 1128 00:25:54,230 --> 00:25:54,240 and that's why it's so important for us 1129 00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:55,669 and that's why it's so important for us to find solar system analogs 1130 00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:55,679 to find solar system analogs 1131 00:25:55,679 --> 00:25:57,269 to find solar system analogs jupiter-like planets orbiting out of the 1132 00:25:57,269 --> 00:25:57,279 jupiter-like planets orbiting out of the 1133 00:25:57,279 --> 00:25:58,630 jupiter-like planets orbiting out of the stars 1134 00:25:58,630 --> 00:25:58,640 stars 1135 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:00,390 stars jeff just mentioned that the early 1136 00:26:00,390 --> 00:26:00,400 jeff just mentioned that the early 1137 00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:01,830 jeff just mentioned that the early returns don't look good that most these 1138 00:26:01,830 --> 00:26:01,840 returns don't look good that most these 1139 00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:03,750 returns don't look good that most these things are eccentric it should also be 1140 00:26:03,750 --> 00:26:03,760 things are eccentric it should also be 1141 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,149 things are eccentric it should also be said that we're finding planets around 1142 00:26:06,149 --> 00:26:06,159 said that we're finding planets around 1143 00:26:06,159 --> 00:26:07,909 said that we're finding planets around about five to ten percent of the stars 1144 00:26:07,909 --> 00:26:07,919 about five to ten percent of the stars 1145 00:26:07,919 --> 00:26:09,190 about five to ten percent of the stars right now and what's going on with the 1146 00:26:09,190 --> 00:26:09,200 right now and what's going on with the 1147 00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:10,870 right now and what's going on with the other 90 to 95 percent of the stars 1148 00:26:10,870 --> 00:26:10,880 other 90 to 95 percent of the stars 1149 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:12,390 other 90 to 95 percent of the stars simply isn't known at this point we need 1150 00:26:12,390 --> 00:26:12,400 simply isn't known at this point we need 1151 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:13,990 simply isn't known at this point we need another 10 years of data to make any 1152 00:26:13,990 --> 00:26:14,000 another 10 years of data to make any 1153 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,149 another 10 years of data to make any speculation whatsoever so the field is 1154 00:26:16,149 --> 00:26:16,159 speculation whatsoever so the field is 1155 00:26:16,159 --> 00:26:17,990 speculation whatsoever so the field is completely open at this point whether 1156 00:26:17,990 --> 00:26:18,000 completely open at this point whether 1157 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,070 completely open at this point whether it's every other star that has solar 1158 00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:20,080 it's every other star that has solar 1159 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:21,990 it's every other star that has solar system like uh objects or every 10th 1160 00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:22,000 system like uh objects or every 10th 1161 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:23,590 system like uh objects or every 10th star or every 100th or every thousand 1162 00:26:23,590 --> 00:26:23,600 star or every 100th or every thousand 1163 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:25,430 star or every 100th or every thousand star completely unknown at this point 1164 00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:25,440 star completely unknown at this point 1165 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:27,029 star completely unknown at this point and we hope to be able to provide some 1166 00:26:27,029 --> 00:26:27,039 and we hope to be able to provide some 1167 00:26:27,039 --> 00:26:28,789 and we hope to be able to provide some empirical limits within the next 10 1168 00:26:28,789 --> 00:26:28,799 empirical limits within the next 10 1169 00:26:28,799 --> 00:26:29,909 empirical limits within the next 10 years 1170 00:26:29,909 --> 00:26:29,919 years 1171 00:26:29,919 --> 00:26:32,149 years and thanks paul and jeff that's a 1172 00:26:32,149 --> 00:26:32,159 and thanks paul and jeff that's a 1173 00:26:32,159 --> 00:26:33,750 and thanks paul and jeff that's a beautiful description of our solar 1174 00:26:33,750 --> 00:26:33,760 beautiful description of our solar 1175 00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:36,310 beautiful description of our solar system as a sort of uh family that 1176 00:26:36,310 --> 00:26:36,320 system as a sort of uh family that 1177 00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:37,510 system as a sort of uh family that protects 1178 00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:37,520 protects 1179 00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:39,190 protects where the different members protect each 1180 00:26:39,190 --> 00:26:39,200 where the different members protect each 1181 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,710 where the different members protect each other for uh developing uh don 1182 00:26:42,710 --> 00:26:42,720 other for uh developing uh don 1183 00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:44,070 other for uh developing uh don all right well thank you very much uh 1184 00:26:44,070 --> 00:26:44,080 all right well thank you very much uh 1185 00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:46,070 all right well thank you very much uh we'll uh start with questions here at 1186 00:26:46,070 --> 00:26:46,080 we'll uh start with questions here at 1187 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:47,669 we'll uh start with questions here at nasa headquarters and then check our 1188 00:26:47,669 --> 00:26:47,679 nasa headquarters and then check our 1189 00:26:47,679 --> 00:26:48,870 nasa headquarters and then check our centers for 1190 00:26:48,870 --> 00:26:48,880 centers for 1191 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:50,549 centers for go and give your name and affiliate jeff 1192 00:26:50,549 --> 00:26:50,559 go and give your name and affiliate jeff 1193 00:26:50,559 --> 00:26:52,470 go and give your name and affiliate jeff borenstein night reader newspapers for 1194 00:26:52,470 --> 00:26:52,480 borenstein night reader newspapers for 1195 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:55,269 borenstein night reader newspapers for dr marcy uh can you tell us exactly what 1196 00:26:55,269 --> 00:26:55,279 dr marcy uh can you tell us exactly what 1197 00:26:55,279 --> 00:26:57,110 dr marcy uh can you tell us exactly what you did to refine your technique to find 1198 00:26:57,110 --> 00:26:57,120 you did to refine your technique to find 1199 00:26:57,120 --> 00:26:59,590 you did to refine your technique to find it this way and is there what 1200 00:26:59,590 --> 00:26:59,600 it this way and is there what 1201 00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:01,110 it this way and is there what on this graphic it talks about new 1202 00:27:01,110 --> 00:27:01,120 on this graphic it talks about new 1203 00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:04,070 on this graphic it talks about new detection limits is there a discernible 1204 00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:04,080 detection limits is there a discernible 1205 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:06,789 detection limits is there a discernible detection limit that you see given the 1206 00:27:06,789 --> 00:27:06,799 detection limit that you see given the 1207 00:27:06,799 --> 00:27:09,669 detection limit that you see given the existing technology is this it or how 1208 00:27:09,669 --> 00:27:09,679 existing technology is this it or how 1209 00:27:09,679 --> 00:27:11,430 existing technology is this it or how far much further can you will you be 1210 00:27:11,430 --> 00:27:11,440 far much further can you will you be 1211 00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:16,310 far much further can you will you be back here a year or two years from now 1212 00:27:16,310 --> 00:27:16,320 1213 00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:17,990 what has made these 1214 00:27:17,990 --> 00:27:18,000 what has made these 1215 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,269 what has made these saturn discoveries possible is indeed 1216 00:27:21,269 --> 00:27:21,279 saturn discoveries possible is indeed 1217 00:27:21,279 --> 00:27:23,750 saturn discoveries possible is indeed some new breakthroughs technically 1218 00:27:23,750 --> 00:27:23,760 some new breakthroughs technically 1219 00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:26,230 some new breakthroughs technically in our work at the keck telescope and i 1220 00:27:26,230 --> 00:27:26,240 in our work at the keck telescope and i 1221 00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:28,070 in our work at the keck telescope and i should say that our other collaborator 1222 00:27:28,070 --> 00:27:28,080 should say that our other collaborator 1223 00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,789 should say that our other collaborator steve vogt has led the way in this 1224 00:27:30,789 --> 00:27:30,799 steve vogt has led the way in this 1225 00:27:30,799 --> 00:27:33,590 steve vogt has led the way in this uh he built a spectrometer which is at 1226 00:27:33,590 --> 00:27:33,600 uh he built a spectrometer which is at 1227 00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:35,350 uh he built a spectrometer which is at the back end if you will of the keck 1228 00:27:35,350 --> 00:27:35,360 the back end if you will of the keck 1229 00:27:35,360 --> 00:27:36,710 the back end if you will of the keck telescope five million dollar 1230 00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:36,720 telescope five million dollar 1231 00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:38,549 telescope five million dollar spectrometer without which we wouldn't 1232 00:27:38,549 --> 00:27:38,559 spectrometer without which we wouldn't 1233 00:27:38,559 --> 00:27:40,389 spectrometer without which we wouldn't detect any of these planets 1234 00:27:40,389 --> 00:27:40,399 detect any of these planets 1235 00:27:40,399 --> 00:27:42,149 detect any of these planets and what we've done in the last two 1236 00:27:42,149 --> 00:27:42,159 and what we've done in the last two 1237 00:27:42,159 --> 00:27:45,269 and what we've done in the last two years paul and i and steve is to learn 1238 00:27:45,269 --> 00:27:45,279 years paul and i and steve is to learn 1239 00:27:45,279 --> 00:27:47,510 years paul and i and steve is to learn some of the nuances the idiosyncrasies 1240 00:27:47,510 --> 00:27:47,520 some of the nuances the idiosyncrasies 1241 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:49,190 some of the nuances the idiosyncrasies if you will of the behavior of this 1242 00:27:49,190 --> 00:27:49,200 if you will of the behavior of this 1243 00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,669 if you will of the behavior of this spectrometer it's a complicated optical 1244 00:27:51,669 --> 00:27:51,679 spectrometer it's a complicated optical 1245 00:27:51,679 --> 00:27:54,070 spectrometer it's a complicated optical device nobody could have predicted its 1246 00:27:54,070 --> 00:27:54,080 device nobody could have predicted its 1247 00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:56,389 device nobody could have predicted its actual performance ahead of time and 1248 00:27:56,389 --> 00:27:56,399 actual performance ahead of time and 1249 00:27:56,399 --> 00:27:58,470 actual performance ahead of time and we've done a large number of tests 1250 00:27:58,470 --> 00:27:58,480 we've done a large number of tests 1251 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:00,070 we've done a large number of tests indeed paul and i have spent the 1252 00:28:00,070 --> 00:28:00,080 indeed paul and i have spent the 1253 00:28:00,080 --> 00:28:02,789 indeed paul and i have spent the majority of our time carrying out tests 1254 00:28:02,789 --> 00:28:02,799 majority of our time carrying out tests 1255 00:28:02,799 --> 00:28:05,110 majority of our time carrying out tests of the performance of the spectrometer 1256 00:28:05,110 --> 00:28:05,120 of the performance of the spectrometer 1257 00:28:05,120 --> 00:28:07,350 of the performance of the spectrometer and developing software indeed paul has 1258 00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:07,360 and developing software indeed paul has 1259 00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:09,590 and developing software indeed paul has led the way in this writing software 1260 00:28:09,590 --> 00:28:09,600 led the way in this writing software 1261 00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:13,029 led the way in this writing software that accommodates the idiosyncrasies of 1262 00:28:13,029 --> 00:28:13,039 that accommodates the idiosyncrasies of 1263 00:28:13,039 --> 00:28:15,430 that accommodates the idiosyncrasies of the spectrometer we account for all this 1264 00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:15,440 the spectrometer we account for all this 1265 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:16,950 the spectrometer we account for all this odd behavior 1266 00:28:16,950 --> 00:28:16,960 odd behavior 1267 00:28:16,960 --> 00:28:18,950 odd behavior subtracted away from our measurements 1268 00:28:18,950 --> 00:28:18,960 subtracted away from our measurements 1269 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:21,190 subtracted away from our measurements leaving us with just the clean data the 1270 00:28:21,190 --> 00:28:21,200 leaving us with just the clean data the 1271 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:23,909 leaving us with just the clean data the clean wobble of the star so that's an 1272 00:28:23,909 --> 00:28:23,919 clean wobble of the star so that's an 1273 00:28:23,919 --> 00:28:27,029 clean wobble of the star so that's an enormous uh boost forward making these 1274 00:28:27,029 --> 00:28:27,039 enormous uh boost forward making these 1275 00:28:27,039 --> 00:28:30,630 enormous uh boost forward making these ever smaller planet detections possible 1276 00:28:30,630 --> 00:28:30,640 ever smaller planet detections possible 1277 00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:32,389 ever smaller planet detections possible the ultimate limit 1278 00:28:32,389 --> 00:28:32,399 the ultimate limit 1279 00:28:32,399 --> 00:28:34,710 the ultimate limit is indeed ahead of us 1280 00:28:34,710 --> 00:28:34,720 is indeed ahead of us 1281 00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:37,430 is indeed ahead of us we are measuring the velocities of stars 1282 00:28:37,430 --> 00:28:37,440 we are measuring the velocities of stars 1283 00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:40,310 we are measuring the velocities of stars to plus or minus three meters per second 1284 00:28:40,310 --> 00:28:40,320 to plus or minus three meters per second 1285 00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:44,149 to plus or minus three meters per second which is sort of bicycle speed uh it is 1286 00:28:44,149 --> 00:28:44,159 which is sort of bicycle speed uh it is 1287 00:28:44,159 --> 00:28:45,909 which is sort of bicycle speed uh it is remarkable if i may reflect on that for 1288 00:28:45,909 --> 00:28:45,919 remarkable if i may reflect on that for 1289 00:28:45,919 --> 00:28:48,230 remarkable if i may reflect on that for a moment these stars are enormous 1290 00:28:48,230 --> 00:28:48,240 a moment these stars are enormous 1291 00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:51,110 a moment these stars are enormous spheres uh a million times bigger than 1292 00:28:51,110 --> 00:28:51,120 spheres uh a million times bigger than 1293 00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:53,750 spheres uh a million times bigger than the earth they are two or three hundred 1294 00:28:53,750 --> 00:28:53,760 the earth they are two or three hundred 1295 00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:56,470 the earth they are two or three hundred light years away and these globes of gas 1296 00:28:56,470 --> 00:28:56,480 light years away and these globes of gas 1297 00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:58,070 light years away and these globes of gas can be measured to plus or minus 1298 00:28:58,070 --> 00:28:58,080 can be measured to plus or minus 1299 00:28:58,080 --> 00:28:59,909 can be measured to plus or minus bicycling speed 1300 00:28:59,909 --> 00:28:59,919 bicycling speed 1301 00:28:59,919 --> 00:29:01,590 bicycling speed but we are at that point and what we'd 1302 00:29:01,590 --> 00:29:01,600 but we are at that point and what we'd 1303 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:03,269 but we are at that point and what we'd like to do is to measure the speeds of 1304 00:29:03,269 --> 00:29:03,279 like to do is to measure the speeds of 1305 00:29:03,279 --> 00:29:06,230 like to do is to measure the speeds of stars even more accurately to human 1306 00:29:06,230 --> 00:29:06,240 stars even more accurately to human 1307 00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:09,190 stars even more accurately to human walking speed about one meter per second 1308 00:29:09,190 --> 00:29:09,200 walking speed about one meter per second 1309 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:10,950 walking speed about one meter per second and i think paul and i feel that that's 1310 00:29:10,950 --> 00:29:10,960 and i think paul and i feel that that's 1311 00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:13,269 and i think paul and i feel that that's a realistic goal given the 1312 00:29:13,269 --> 00:29:13,279 a realistic goal given the 1313 00:29:13,279 --> 00:29:16,310 a realistic goal given the the known vagaries of the equipment the 1314 00:29:16,310 --> 00:29:16,320 the known vagaries of the equipment the 1315 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:18,230 the known vagaries of the equipment the light gathering power of the keck 1316 00:29:18,230 --> 00:29:18,240 light gathering power of the keck 1317 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,710 light gathering power of the keck telescope and we think 1318 00:29:20,710 --> 00:29:20,720 telescope and we think 1319 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:22,950 telescope and we think with the new improvements that we have 1320 00:29:22,950 --> 00:29:22,960 with the new improvements that we have 1321 00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:24,549 with the new improvements that we have coming down the line we will be able to 1322 00:29:24,549 --> 00:29:24,559 coming down the line we will be able to 1323 00:29:24,559 --> 00:29:27,350 coming down the line we will be able to detect not just saturn's but neptunes 1324 00:29:27,350 --> 00:29:27,360 detect not just saturn's but neptunes 1325 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:30,310 detect not just saturn's but neptunes which are about third the mass of 1326 00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:30,320 which are about third the mass of 1327 00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:31,430 which are about third the mass of saturn's 1328 00:29:31,430 --> 00:29:31,440 saturn's 1329 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:33,669 saturn's we probably will not be able to go 1330 00:29:33,669 --> 00:29:33,679 we probably will not be able to go 1331 00:29:33,679 --> 00:29:35,990 we probably will not be able to go further uh frankly we'll be out of 1332 00:29:35,990 --> 00:29:36,000 further uh frankly we'll be out of 1333 00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:38,470 further uh frankly we'll be out of business we think in ten years when we 1334 00:29:38,470 --> 00:29:38,480 business we think in ten years when we 1335 00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:40,789 business we think in ten years when we found the saturns as well as 1336 00:29:40,789 --> 00:29:40,799 found the saturns as well as 1337 00:29:40,799 --> 00:29:43,110 found the saturns as well as the neptunes and then the jupiters being 1338 00:29:43,110 --> 00:29:43,120 the neptunes and then the jupiters being 1339 00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:44,710 the neptunes and then the jupiters being cleaned up 1340 00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:44,720 cleaned up 1341 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:47,830 cleaned up we will need indeed to turn to the new 1342 00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:47,840 we will need indeed to turn to the new 1343 00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:51,029 we will need indeed to turn to the new technology that nasa is developing 1344 00:29:51,029 --> 00:29:51,039 technology that nasa is developing 1345 00:29:51,039 --> 00:29:53,269 technology that nasa is developing space-borne telescopes without which we 1346 00:29:53,269 --> 00:29:53,279 space-borne telescopes without which we 1347 00:29:53,279 --> 00:29:55,669 space-borne telescopes without which we will never detect earth-like planets 1348 00:29:55,669 --> 00:29:55,679 will never detect earth-like planets 1349 00:29:55,679 --> 00:29:57,029 will never detect earth-like planets so you might say this is somewhat 1350 00:29:57,029 --> 00:29:57,039 so you might say this is somewhat 1351 00:29:57,039 --> 00:30:00,630 so you might say this is somewhat unusual and nasa is uh supporting you 1352 00:30:00,630 --> 00:30:00,640 unusual and nasa is uh supporting you 1353 00:30:00,640 --> 00:30:02,549 unusual and nasa is uh supporting you know ground-based astronomy but for us 1354 00:30:02,549 --> 00:30:02,559 know ground-based astronomy but for us 1355 00:30:02,559 --> 00:30:05,110 know ground-based astronomy but for us this is a very long-term commitment we 1356 00:30:05,110 --> 00:30:05,120 this is a very long-term commitment we 1357 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:07,190 this is a very long-term commitment we we need the planets 1358 00:30:07,190 --> 00:30:07,200 we need the planets 1359 00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,990 we need the planets that these guys are finding and i really 1360 00:30:09,990 --> 00:30:10,000 that these guys are finding and i really 1361 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:11,830 that these guys are finding and i really would like to emphasize that this is not 1362 00:30:11,830 --> 00:30:11,840 would like to emphasize that this is not 1363 00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:13,830 would like to emphasize that this is not uh this is not something they developed 1364 00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:13,840 uh this is not something they developed 1365 00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:15,510 uh this is not something they developed the last 15 minutes these guys have been 1366 00:30:15,510 --> 00:30:15,520 the last 15 minutes these guys have been 1367 00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:17,269 the last 15 minutes these guys have been at work on this for 15 years when i 1368 00:30:17,269 --> 00:30:17,279 at work on this for 15 years when i 1369 00:30:17,279 --> 00:30:20,230 at work on this for 15 years when i first knew jeff 15 years ago i went to 1370 00:30:20,230 --> 00:30:20,240 first knew jeff 15 years ago i went to 1371 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,590 first knew jeff 15 years ago i went to visit uh their setup at lick observatory 1372 00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:23,600 visit uh their setup at lick observatory 1373 00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,669 visit uh their setup at lick observatory and uh you know they were hard on work 1374 00:30:25,669 --> 00:30:25,679 and uh you know they were hard on work 1375 00:30:25,679 --> 00:30:29,350 and uh you know they were hard on work on the zeroth generation of of this 1376 00:30:29,350 --> 00:30:29,360 on the zeroth generation of of this 1377 00:30:29,360 --> 00:30:31,110 on the zeroth generation of of this technology it's extraordinarily 1378 00:30:31,110 --> 00:30:31,120 technology it's extraordinarily 1379 00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:33,590 technology it's extraordinarily difficult work that is very precise and 1380 00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:33,600 difficult work that is very precise and 1381 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:34,630 difficult work that is very precise and you have to 1382 00:30:34,630 --> 00:30:34,640 you have to 1383 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:39,430 you have to really be intrepid to succeed at it 1384 00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:39,440 really be intrepid to succeed at it 1385 00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:41,110 really be intrepid to succeed at it leonard 1386 00:30:41,110 --> 00:30:41,120 leonard 1387 00:30:41,120 --> 00:30:43,190 leonard yeah leonardo david with space.com sort 1388 00:30:43,190 --> 00:30:43,200 yeah leonardo david with space.com sort 1389 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,710 yeah leonardo david with space.com sort of a little bit on the same wavelength 1390 00:30:46,710 --> 00:30:46,720 of a little bit on the same wavelength 1391 00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:48,789 of a little bit on the same wavelength what about the complementary nature of 1392 00:30:48,789 --> 00:30:48,799 what about the complementary nature of 1393 00:30:48,799 --> 00:30:50,710 what about the complementary nature of the techniques you're using for space 1394 00:30:50,710 --> 00:30:50,720 the techniques you're using for space 1395 00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:52,630 the techniques you're using for space based are you coming up with techniques 1396 00:30:52,630 --> 00:30:52,640 based are you coming up with techniques 1397 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:55,110 based are you coming up with techniques that could be applied to space 1398 00:30:55,110 --> 00:30:55,120 that could be applied to space 1399 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:57,110 that could be applied to space based instrumentation 1400 00:30:57,110 --> 00:30:57,120 based instrumentation 1401 00:30:57,120 --> 00:30:58,710 based instrumentation i get some sense here there could be a 1402 00:30:58,710 --> 00:30:58,720 i get some sense here there could be a 1403 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:00,070 i get some sense here there could be a race between 1404 00:31:00,070 --> 00:31:00,080 race between 1405 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:01,430 race between breakthroughs on the ground with 1406 00:31:01,430 --> 00:31:01,440 breakthroughs on the ground with 1407 00:31:01,440 --> 00:31:03,430 breakthroughs on the ground with technology and what nasa is going to be 1408 00:31:03,430 --> 00:31:03,440 technology and what nasa is going to be 1409 00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:05,750 technology and what nasa is going to be funding to spend big dollars to put in 1410 00:31:05,750 --> 00:31:05,760 funding to spend big dollars to put in 1411 00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:07,430 funding to spend big dollars to put in space 1412 00:31:07,430 --> 00:31:07,440 space 1413 00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:10,149 space shall i try it go ahead um 1414 00:31:10,149 --> 00:31:10,159 shall i try it go ahead um 1415 00:31:10,159 --> 00:31:12,389 shall i try it go ahead um actually i see it a little differently i 1416 00:31:12,389 --> 00:31:12,399 actually i see it a little differently i 1417 00:31:12,399 --> 00:31:13,590 actually i see it a little differently i see the 1418 00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:13,600 see the 1419 00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:15,909 see the ground-based efforts with keck and other 1420 00:31:15,909 --> 00:31:15,919 ground-based efforts with keck and other 1421 00:31:15,919 --> 00:31:18,870 ground-based efforts with keck and other large telescopes as as complementary and 1422 00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:18,880 large telescopes as as complementary and 1423 00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:20,710 large telescopes as as complementary and early reconnaissance 1424 00:31:20,710 --> 00:31:20,720 early reconnaissance 1425 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:22,789 early reconnaissance for the space-born work that nasa will 1426 00:31:22,789 --> 00:31:22,799 for the space-born work that nasa will 1427 00:31:22,799 --> 00:31:24,710 for the space-born work that nasa will be doing and which will you know blow 1428 00:31:24,710 --> 00:31:24,720 be doing and which will you know blow 1429 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:26,710 be doing and which will you know blow our minds away i think when it happens 1430 00:31:26,710 --> 00:31:26,720 our minds away i think when it happens 1431 00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:28,389 our minds away i think when it happens and the reason i say this is that our 1432 00:31:28,389 --> 00:31:28,399 and the reason i say this is that our 1433 00:31:28,399 --> 00:31:30,630 and the reason i say this is that our technique is just limited we really will 1434 00:31:30,630 --> 00:31:30,640 technique is just limited we really will 1435 00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:33,430 technique is just limited we really will not be able to detect the rocky earth 1436 00:31:33,430 --> 00:31:33,440 not be able to detect the rocky earth 1437 00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:36,230 not be able to detect the rocky earth mass planets the spaceborne techniques 1438 00:31:36,230 --> 00:31:36,240 mass planets the spaceborne techniques 1439 00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:38,789 mass planets the spaceborne techniques both the space interferometry mission 1440 00:31:38,789 --> 00:31:38,799 both the space interferometry mission 1441 00:31:38,799 --> 00:31:40,070 both the space interferometry mission called sim 1442 00:31:40,070 --> 00:31:40,080 called sim 1443 00:31:40,080 --> 00:31:42,149 called sim being developed here at nasa and also 1444 00:31:42,149 --> 00:31:42,159 being developed here at nasa and also 1445 00:31:42,159 --> 00:31:43,990 being developed here at nasa and also the terrestrial planet finder mission 1446 00:31:43,990 --> 00:31:44,000 the terrestrial planet finder mission 1447 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:46,549 the terrestrial planet finder mission also developed here at nasa those two 1448 00:31:46,549 --> 00:31:46,559 also developed here at nasa those two 1449 00:31:46,559 --> 00:31:49,590 also developed here at nasa those two are targeted specifically to find earth 1450 00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:49,600 are targeted specifically to find earth 1451 00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:52,710 are targeted specifically to find earth type planets we can't touch that so in a 1452 00:31:52,710 --> 00:31:52,720 type planets we can't touch that so in a 1453 00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:54,710 type planets we can't touch that so in a way we're operating in parallel the 1454 00:31:54,710 --> 00:31:54,720 way we're operating in parallel the 1455 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:57,909 way we're operating in parallel the reconnaissance we do now uh will tell us 1456 00:31:57,909 --> 00:31:57,919 reconnaissance we do now uh will tell us 1457 00:31:57,919 --> 00:32:00,630 reconnaissance we do now uh will tell us which stars have the big bullies the 1458 00:32:00,630 --> 00:32:00,640 which stars have the big bullies the 1459 00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:03,909 which stars have the big bullies the giant planets they may be signposts for 1460 00:32:03,909 --> 00:32:03,919 giant planets they may be signposts for 1461 00:32:03,919 --> 00:32:06,710 giant planets they may be signposts for the earth-like planets that nasa will 1462 00:32:06,710 --> 00:32:06,720 the earth-like planets that nasa will 1463 00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:09,590 the earth-like planets that nasa will come through and detect uh in the coming 1464 00:32:09,590 --> 00:32:09,600 come through and detect uh in the coming 1465 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:11,830 come through and detect uh in the coming decade or two 1466 00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:11,840 decade or two 1467 00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:13,750 decade or two come on 1468 00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:13,760 come on 1469 00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:15,110 come on there's also another element of 1470 00:32:15,110 --> 00:32:15,120 there's also another element of 1471 00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,990 there's also another element of competition uh in that nasa has recently 1472 00:32:17,990 --> 00:32:18,000 competition uh in that nasa has recently 1473 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,070 competition uh in that nasa has recently approved another space mission called 1474 00:32:20,070 --> 00:32:20,080 approved another space mission called 1475 00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:22,230 approved another space mission called fame for the full sky astrometric 1476 00:32:22,230 --> 00:32:22,240 fame for the full sky astrometric 1477 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:24,630 fame for the full sky astrometric mapping explorer which finds planets not 1478 00:32:24,630 --> 00:32:24,640 mapping explorer which finds planets not 1479 00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:26,950 mapping explorer which finds planets not by looking for the doppler shift of the 1480 00:32:26,950 --> 00:32:26,960 by looking for the doppler shift of the 1481 00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:28,549 by looking for the doppler shift of the star but looking for the positional 1482 00:32:28,549 --> 00:32:28,559 star but looking for the positional 1483 00:32:28,559 --> 00:32:30,789 star but looking for the positional wobble of the star on the sky 1484 00:32:30,789 --> 00:32:30,799 wobble of the star on the sky 1485 00:32:30,799 --> 00:32:32,389 wobble of the star on the sky and fame will actually have the ability 1486 00:32:32,389 --> 00:32:32,399 and fame will actually have the ability 1487 00:32:32,399 --> 00:32:34,549 and fame will actually have the ability to find these long period jupiter-like 1488 00:32:34,549 --> 00:32:34,559 to find these long period jupiter-like 1489 00:32:34,559 --> 00:32:36,710 to find these long period jupiter-like planets that that jeff and paul can find 1490 00:32:36,710 --> 00:32:36,720 planets that that jeff and paul can find 1491 00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:39,269 planets that that jeff and paul can find from the ground so unfortunately jeff 1492 00:32:39,269 --> 00:32:39,279 from the ground so unfortunately jeff 1493 00:32:39,279 --> 00:32:41,110 from the ground so unfortunately jeff and paul have a several year ahead start 1494 00:32:41,110 --> 00:32:41,120 and paul have a several year ahead start 1495 00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:42,630 and paul have a several year ahead start fame won't be launched for a few more 1496 00:32:42,630 --> 00:32:42,640 fame won't be launched for a few more 1497 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:44,470 fame won't be launched for a few more years but once it gets up in orbit it 1498 00:32:44,470 --> 00:32:44,480 years but once it gets up in orbit it 1499 00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:46,389 years but once it gets up in orbit it will also be looking for planets in that 1500 00:32:46,389 --> 00:32:46,399 will also be looking for planets in that 1501 00:32:46,399 --> 00:32:48,549 will also be looking for planets in that same area of parameter space where 1502 00:32:48,549 --> 00:32:48,559 same area of parameter space where 1503 00:32:48,559 --> 00:32:51,269 same area of parameter space where jupiter-like objects exist so in this 1504 00:32:51,269 --> 00:32:51,279 jupiter-like objects exist so in this 1505 00:32:51,279 --> 00:32:52,230 jupiter-like objects exist so in this sense 1506 00:32:52,230 --> 00:32:52,240 sense 1507 00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:53,350 sense it's really very good because 1508 00:32:53,350 --> 00:32:53,360 it's really very good because 1509 00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:55,350 it's really very good because competition we all know leads to people 1510 00:32:55,350 --> 00:32:55,360 competition we all know leads to people 1511 00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:56,549 competition we all know leads to people to make sure they're doing the best 1512 00:32:56,549 --> 00:32:56,559 to make sure they're doing the best 1513 00:32:56,559 --> 00:32:58,549 to make sure they're doing the best possible job but it's also very 1514 00:32:58,549 --> 00:32:58,559 possible job but it's also very 1515 00:32:58,559 --> 00:32:59,669 possible job but it's also very important because it will mean that 1516 00:32:59,669 --> 00:32:59,679 important because it will mean that 1517 00:32:59,679 --> 00:33:00,870 important because it will mean that there will be at least one other 1518 00:33:00,870 --> 00:33:00,880 there will be at least one other 1519 00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:02,870 there will be at least one other technique to confirm 1520 00:33:02,870 --> 00:33:02,880 technique to confirm 1521 00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:04,950 technique to confirm each other the radial velocity confirms 1522 00:33:04,950 --> 00:33:04,960 each other the radial velocity confirms 1523 00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:07,269 each other the radial velocity confirms can confirm instrumentary and vice versa 1524 00:33:07,269 --> 00:33:07,279 can confirm instrumentary and vice versa 1525 00:33:07,279 --> 00:33:08,549 can confirm instrumentary and vice versa which is of course 1526 00:33:08,549 --> 00:33:08,559 which is of course 1527 00:33:08,559 --> 00:33:10,389 which is of course something we really have to 1528 00:33:10,389 --> 00:33:10,399 something we really have to 1529 00:33:10,399 --> 00:33:11,509 something we really have to not 1530 00:33:11,509 --> 00:33:11,519 not 1531 00:33:11,519 --> 00:33:13,269 not forget about in any very difficult 1532 00:33:13,269 --> 00:33:13,279 forget about in any very difficult 1533 00:33:13,279 --> 00:33:14,630 forget about in any very difficult astronomy you really want to make sure 1534 00:33:14,630 --> 00:33:14,640 astronomy you really want to make sure 1535 00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:16,710 astronomy you really want to make sure that any dubious measurement can be 1536 00:33:16,710 --> 00:33:16,720 that any dubious measurement can be 1537 00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:18,710 that any dubious measurement can be confirmed by another measurement and so 1538 00:33:18,710 --> 00:33:18,720 confirmed by another measurement and so 1539 00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:20,149 confirmed by another measurement and so you really are finding something which 1540 00:33:20,149 --> 00:33:20,159 you really are finding something which 1541 00:33:20,159 --> 00:33:22,549 you really are finding something which is reproducible but this is a very 1542 00:33:22,549 --> 00:33:22,559 is reproducible but this is a very 1543 00:33:22,559 --> 00:33:25,430 is reproducible but this is a very exciting time in a field i mean to only 1544 00:33:25,430 --> 00:33:25,440 exciting time in a field i mean to only 1545 00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:27,909 exciting time in a field i mean to only know 34. with today's announcement i 1546 00:33:27,909 --> 00:33:27,919 know 34. with today's announcement i 1547 00:33:27,919 --> 00:33:30,389 know 34. with today's announcement i believe the number is 34. i mean we only 1548 00:33:30,389 --> 00:33:30,399 believe the number is 34. i mean we only 1549 00:33:30,399 --> 00:33:33,590 believe the number is 34. i mean we only know of 34 planets outside of our solar 1550 00:33:33,590 --> 00:33:33,600 know of 34 planets outside of our solar 1551 00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:35,909 know of 34 planets outside of our solar system and this is brand new we're going 1552 00:33:35,909 --> 00:33:35,919 system and this is brand new we're going 1553 00:33:35,919 --> 00:33:38,789 system and this is brand new we're going to learn what animals are in that zoo 1554 00:33:38,789 --> 00:33:38,799 to learn what animals are in that zoo 1555 00:33:38,799 --> 00:33:40,870 to learn what animals are in that zoo and we have no idea today it's going to 1556 00:33:40,870 --> 00:33:40,880 and we have no idea today it's going to 1557 00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:44,149 and we have no idea today it's going to be very exciting 1558 00:33:44,149 --> 00:33:44,159 1559 00:33:44,159 --> 00:33:46,710 bob 1560 00:33:46,710 --> 00:33:46,720 1561 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:48,389 sorry i'm sorry one of you mentioned 1562 00:33:48,389 --> 00:33:48,399 sorry i'm sorry one of you mentioned 1563 00:33:48,399 --> 00:33:50,070 sorry i'm sorry one of you mentioned that neptune when do you mention uranus 1564 00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:50,080 that neptune when do you mention uranus 1565 00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:51,590 that neptune when do you mention uranus which is the 1566 00:33:51,590 --> 00:33:51,600 which is the 1567 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:52,950 which is the outer limit of what you might do from 1568 00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:52,960 outer limit of what you might do from 1569 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:54,230 outer limit of what you might do from groundbreaking i think we've got the 1570 00:33:54,230 --> 00:33:54,240 groundbreaking i think we've got the 1571 00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:55,350 groundbreaking i think we've got the expert 1572 00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:55,360 expert 1573 00:33:55,360 --> 00:33:56,789 expert well actually he said they're going to 1574 00:33:56,789 --> 00:33:56,799 well actually he said they're going to 1575 00:33:56,799 --> 00:33:58,870 well actually he said they're going to be looking at at neptune but i think 1576 00:33:58,870 --> 00:33:58,880 be looking at at neptune but i think 1577 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:00,230 be looking at at neptune but i think that uranus is probably going to be 1578 00:34:00,230 --> 00:34:00,240 that uranus is probably going to be 1579 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:01,990 that uranus is probably going to be easier for them to find because they're 1580 00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:02,000 easier for them to find because they're 1581 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,950 easier for them to find because they're comparable masses but uranus is closer 1582 00:34:04,950 --> 00:34:04,960 comparable masses but uranus is closer 1583 00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:07,990 comparable masses but uranus is closer in so it has a shorter period and so it 1584 00:34:07,990 --> 00:34:08,000 in so it has a shorter period and so it 1585 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,750 in so it has a shorter period and so it just the closer it is to the star the 1586 00:34:09,750 --> 00:34:09,760 just the closer it is to the star the 1587 00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:12,230 just the closer it is to the star the easier it is for them to find 1588 00:34:12,230 --> 00:34:12,240 easier it is for them to find 1589 00:34:12,240 --> 00:34:15,030 easier it is for them to find also 1590 00:34:15,030 --> 00:34:15,040 1591 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:18,069 does your 34 population include those 1592 00:34:18,069 --> 00:34:18,079 does your 34 population include those 1593 00:34:18,079 --> 00:34:19,589 does your 34 population include those so-called free-floating planets that the 1594 00:34:19,589 --> 00:34:19,599 so-called free-floating planets that the 1595 00:34:19,599 --> 00:34:21,349 so-called free-floating planets that the royal academy society talked about last 1596 00:34:21,349 --> 00:34:21,359 royal academy society talked about last 1597 00:34:21,359 --> 00:34:22,710 royal academy society talked about last week 1598 00:34:22,710 --> 00:34:22,720 week 1599 00:34:22,720 --> 00:34:25,510 week i don't think so uh those are brown 1600 00:34:25,510 --> 00:34:25,520 i don't think so uh those are brown 1601 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:27,990 i don't think so uh those are brown dwarfs i believe i believe they aren't 1602 00:34:27,990 --> 00:34:28,000 dwarfs i believe i believe they aren't 1603 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,710 dwarfs i believe i believe they aren't what we would call planets they're we 1604 00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:30,720 what we would call planets they're we 1605 00:34:30,720 --> 00:34:32,149 what we would call planets they're we call them and this isn't meant to be 1606 00:34:32,149 --> 00:34:32,159 call them and this isn't meant to be 1607 00:34:32,159 --> 00:34:38,310 call them and this isn't meant to be derogatory they're called failed stars 1608 00:34:38,310 --> 00:34:38,320 1609 00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,270 down front and then 1610 00:34:41,270 --> 00:34:41,280 1611 00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,389 randy shostak reporter with eos news 1612 00:34:44,389 --> 00:34:44,399 randy shostak reporter with eos news 1613 00:34:44,399 --> 00:34:46,149 randy shostak reporter with eos news at what point in your research of these 1614 00:34:46,149 --> 00:34:46,159 at what point in your research of these 1615 00:34:46,159 --> 00:34:47,510 at what point in your research of these planets did you 1616 00:34:47,510 --> 00:34:47,520 planets did you 1617 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:49,909 planets did you did you say okay we've got uh some other 1618 00:34:49,909 --> 00:34:49,919 did you say okay we've got uh some other 1619 00:34:49,919 --> 00:34:52,869 did you say okay we've got uh some other planets and these are different and what 1620 00:34:52,869 --> 00:34:52,879 planets and these are different and what 1621 00:34:52,879 --> 00:34:56,470 planets and these are different and what were your initial reactions 1622 00:34:56,470 --> 00:34:56,480 1623 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,230 well um 1624 00:34:58,230 --> 00:34:58,240 well um 1625 00:34:58,240 --> 00:35:00,390 well um these discoveries both sort of came on 1626 00:35:00,390 --> 00:35:00,400 these discoveries both sort of came on 1627 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:02,390 these discoveries both sort of came on slowly these were not the sort of eureka 1628 00:35:02,390 --> 00:35:02,400 slowly these were not the sort of eureka 1629 00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:04,710 slowly these were not the sort of eureka moment discoveries we've had those also 1630 00:35:04,710 --> 00:35:04,720 moment discoveries we've had those also 1631 00:35:04,720 --> 00:35:06,870 moment discoveries we've had those also uh in the case of 79 seti we actually 1632 00:35:06,870 --> 00:35:06,880 uh in the case of 79 seti we actually 1633 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,270 uh in the case of 79 seti we actually had a 75 day orbit for that a year ago 1634 00:35:09,270 --> 00:35:09,280 had a 75 day orbit for that a year ago 1635 00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:11,430 had a 75 day orbit for that a year ago and we sat on it for an additional year 1636 00:35:11,430 --> 00:35:11,440 and we sat on it for an additional year 1637 00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:12,790 and we sat on it for an additional year to make sure that all the data 1638 00:35:12,790 --> 00:35:12,800 to make sure that all the data 1639 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:14,710 to make sure that all the data absolutely fit it exquisitely otherwise 1640 00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:14,720 absolutely fit it exquisitely otherwise 1641 00:35:14,720 --> 00:35:16,710 absolutely fit it exquisitely otherwise we would never have announced uh in the 1642 00:35:16,710 --> 00:35:16,720 we would never have announced uh in the 1643 00:35:16,720 --> 00:35:20,550 we would never have announced uh in the other case 46 375 that's got a slightly 1644 00:35:20,550 --> 00:35:20,560 other case 46 375 that's got a slightly 1645 00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:22,230 other case 46 375 that's got a slightly larger amplitude the amplitude for that 1646 00:35:22,230 --> 00:35:22,240 larger amplitude the amplitude for that 1647 00:35:22,240 --> 00:35:24,150 larger amplitude the amplitude for that is about 35 meters a second that's about 1648 00:35:24,150 --> 00:35:24,160 is about 35 meters a second that's about 1649 00:35:24,160 --> 00:35:25,750 is about 35 meters a second that's about three times larger amplitude which means 1650 00:35:25,750 --> 00:35:25,760 three times larger amplitude which means 1651 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:28,230 three times larger amplitude which means it's three times easier to detect so 1652 00:35:28,230 --> 00:35:28,240 it's three times easier to detect so 1653 00:35:28,240 --> 00:35:30,310 it's three times easier to detect so again that that one didn't really push 1654 00:35:30,310 --> 00:35:30,320 again that that one didn't really push 1655 00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:32,230 again that that one didn't really push the system as much it was 79 seti that 1656 00:35:32,230 --> 00:35:32,240 the system as much it was 79 seti that 1657 00:35:32,240 --> 00:35:33,829 the system as much it was 79 seti that we really had to sit on for a long long 1658 00:35:33,829 --> 00:35:33,839 we really had to sit on for a long long 1659 00:35:33,839 --> 00:35:35,190 we really had to sit on for a long long time to make sure it was absolutely 1660 00:35:35,190 --> 00:35:35,200 time to make sure it was absolutely 1661 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:36,950 time to make sure it was absolutely right 1662 00:35:36,950 --> 00:35:36,960 right 1663 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:39,109 right yeah i'll just follow up to say that uh 1664 00:35:39,109 --> 00:35:39,119 yeah i'll just follow up to say that uh 1665 00:35:39,119 --> 00:35:41,270 yeah i'll just follow up to say that uh to confirm what paul said i was going 1666 00:35:41,270 --> 00:35:41,280 to confirm what paul said i was going 1667 00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:43,510 to confirm what paul said i was going back to my emails to remind myself of 1668 00:35:43,510 --> 00:35:43,520 back to my emails to remind myself of 1669 00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:45,109 back to my emails to remind myself of the history of the discovery of the 1670 00:35:45,109 --> 00:35:45,119 the history of the discovery of the 1671 00:35:45,119 --> 00:35:48,230 the history of the discovery of the planet around 79 centi and i have an 1672 00:35:48,230 --> 00:35:48,240 planet around 79 centi and i have an 1673 00:35:48,240 --> 00:35:50,790 planet around 79 centi and i have an email from paul that's dated august 1674 00:35:50,790 --> 00:35:50,800 email from paul that's dated august 1675 00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:52,950 email from paul that's dated august of 1999 1676 00:35:52,950 --> 00:35:52,960 of 1999 1677 00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:54,710 of 1999 so i guess that's eight eight or nine 1678 00:35:54,710 --> 00:35:54,720 so i guess that's eight eight or nine 1679 00:35:54,720 --> 00:35:57,589 so i guess that's eight eight or nine months ago and in the email paul lists 1680 00:35:57,589 --> 00:35:57,599 months ago and in the email paul lists 1681 00:35:57,599 --> 00:36:00,870 months ago and in the email paul lists four or five hot candidates that he had 1682 00:36:00,870 --> 00:36:00,880 four or five hot candidates that he had 1683 00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:02,630 four or five hot candidates that he had sifted through and discovered in our 1684 00:36:02,630 --> 00:36:02,640 sifted through and discovered in our 1685 00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:04,230 sifted through and discovered in our existing database 1686 00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:04,240 existing database 1687 00:36:04,240 --> 00:36:07,750 existing database and 79 said he is in there so back in 1688 00:36:07,750 --> 00:36:07,760 and 79 said he is in there so back in 1689 00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:08,790 and 79 said he is in there so back in august 1690 00:36:08,790 --> 00:36:08,800 august 1691 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:10,710 august the email from paul said it looks like 1692 00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:10,720 the email from paul said it looks like 1693 00:36:10,720 --> 00:36:13,109 the email from paul said it looks like it's a 75 day period and the orbital 1694 00:36:13,109 --> 00:36:13,119 it's a 75 day period and the orbital 1695 00:36:13,119 --> 00:36:15,510 it's a 75 day period and the orbital radius is blah and the mass is blocked 1696 00:36:15,510 --> 00:36:15,520 radius is blah and the mass is blocked 1697 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:17,750 radius is blah and the mass is blocked and what we normally do at this stage is 1698 00:36:17,750 --> 00:36:17,760 and what we normally do at this stage is 1699 00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:20,310 and what we normally do at this stage is to wait a year typically gather more 1700 00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:20,320 to wait a year typically gather more 1701 00:36:20,320 --> 00:36:22,630 to wait a year typically gather more data and indeed the data for the past 1702 00:36:22,630 --> 00:36:22,640 data and indeed the data for the past 1703 00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:24,630 data and indeed the data for the past year has simply confirmed what we had 1704 00:36:24,630 --> 00:36:24,640 year has simply confirmed what we had 1705 00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:27,270 year has simply confirmed what we had known back in august of 99 1706 00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:27,280 known back in august of 99 1707 00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:29,349 known back in august of 99 but let me repeat the question he asked 1708 00:36:29,349 --> 00:36:29,359 but let me repeat the question he asked 1709 00:36:29,359 --> 00:36:30,710 but let me repeat the question he asked how did you feel when you found these 1710 00:36:30,710 --> 00:36:30,720 how did you feel when you found these 1711 00:36:30,720 --> 00:36:32,390 how did you feel when you found these sub saturns 1712 00:36:32,390 --> 00:36:32,400 sub saturns 1713 00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:33,750 sub saturns um i would have been more shocked if 1714 00:36:33,750 --> 00:36:33,760 um i would have been more shocked if 1715 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:35,030 um i would have been more shocked if we'd not found them 1716 00:36:35,030 --> 00:36:35,040 we'd not found them 1717 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:36,630 we'd not found them we built a technique which can find 1718 00:36:36,630 --> 00:36:36,640 we built a technique which can find 1719 00:36:36,640 --> 00:36:38,870 we built a technique which can find saturn mass objects within one earth 1720 00:36:38,870 --> 00:36:38,880 saturn mass objects within one earth 1721 00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:40,870 saturn mass objects within one earth orbital distance and if we hadn't found 1722 00:36:40,870 --> 00:36:40,880 orbital distance and if we hadn't found 1723 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:41,990 orbital distance and if we hadn't found them that would have been infinitely 1724 00:36:41,990 --> 00:36:42,000 them that would have been infinitely 1725 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:43,030 them that would have been infinitely more shocking because that would have 1726 00:36:43,030 --> 00:36:43,040 more shocking because that would have 1727 00:36:43,040 --> 00:36:44,790 more shocking because that would have been there was a gap in the mass and 1728 00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:44,800 been there was a gap in the mass and 1729 00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:46,390 been there was a gap in the mass and maybe the objects we had found today 1730 00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:46,400 maybe the objects we had found today 1731 00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:48,390 maybe the objects we had found today weren't related to solar system planets 1732 00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:48,400 weren't related to solar system planets 1733 00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:50,630 weren't related to solar system planets but in fact we're seeing no gap as the 1734 00:36:50,630 --> 00:36:50,640 but in fact we're seeing no gap as the 1735 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:52,150 but in fact we're seeing no gap as the technique gets better as our precision 1736 00:36:52,150 --> 00:36:52,160 technique gets better as our precision 1737 00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:53,510 technique gets better as our precision gets better we're finding smaller and 1738 00:36:53,510 --> 00:36:53,520 gets better we're finding smaller and 1739 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:55,109 gets better we're finding smaller and smaller planets and that's exactly what 1740 00:36:55,109 --> 00:36:55,119 smaller planets and that's exactly what 1741 00:36:55,119 --> 00:36:56,630 smaller planets and that's exactly what we expect if these things are in fact 1742 00:36:56,630 --> 00:36:56,640 we expect if these things are in fact 1743 00:36:56,640 --> 00:36:58,710 we expect if these things are in fact planets as our own planets are 1744 00:36:58,710 --> 00:36:58,720 planets as our own planets are 1745 00:36:58,720 --> 00:37:00,150 planets as our own planets are so would have been shocking not to find 1746 00:37:00,150 --> 00:37:00,160 so would have been shocking not to find 1747 00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:01,030 so would have been shocking not to find them 1748 00:37:01,030 --> 00:37:01,040 them 1749 00:37:01,040 --> 00:37:04,150 them and i'll add another comment to that 1750 00:37:04,150 --> 00:37:04,160 and i'll add another comment to that 1751 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:06,710 and i'll add another comment to that with regard to our emotional reactions 1752 00:37:06,710 --> 00:37:06,720 with regard to our emotional reactions 1753 00:37:06,720 --> 00:37:08,630 with regard to our emotional reactions it's very interesting 1754 00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:08,640 it's very interesting 1755 00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:10,710 it's very interesting when paul and i and i i can speak i 1756 00:37:10,710 --> 00:37:10,720 when paul and i and i i can speak i 1757 00:37:10,720 --> 00:37:12,630 when paul and i and i i can speak i think for both of us here when we see a 1758 00:37:12,630 --> 00:37:12,640 think for both of us here when we see a 1759 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:14,710 think for both of us here when we see a potential planet coming down our 1760 00:37:14,710 --> 00:37:14,720 potential planet coming down our 1761 00:37:14,720 --> 00:37:16,630 potential planet coming down our conveyor belt of data 1762 00:37:16,630 --> 00:37:16,640 conveyor belt of data 1763 00:37:16,640 --> 00:37:17,910 conveyor belt of data we are indeed 1764 00:37:17,910 --> 00:37:17,920 we are indeed 1765 00:37:17,920 --> 00:37:19,910 we are indeed excited we're happy we're you know we 1766 00:37:19,910 --> 00:37:19,920 excited we're happy we're you know we 1767 00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:22,470 excited we're happy we're you know we work very hard for those moments but 1768 00:37:22,470 --> 00:37:22,480 work very hard for those moments but 1769 00:37:22,480 --> 00:37:23,990 work very hard for those moments but frankly the 1770 00:37:23,990 --> 00:37:24,000 frankly the 1771 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:28,470 frankly the elation is usually tempered by the 1772 00:37:28,470 --> 00:37:28,480 elation is usually tempered by the 1773 00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:30,870 elation is usually tempered by the fright that we've made some mistakes 1774 00:37:30,870 --> 00:37:30,880 fright that we've made some mistakes 1775 00:37:30,880 --> 00:37:33,109 fright that we've made some mistakes somewhere and indeed that's why we spend 1776 00:37:33,109 --> 00:37:33,119 somewhere and indeed that's why we spend 1777 00:37:33,119 --> 00:37:35,510 somewhere and indeed that's why we spend an extra year following up 1778 00:37:35,510 --> 00:37:35,520 an extra year following up 1779 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:37,910 an extra year following up doing some calculations some theoretical 1780 00:37:37,910 --> 00:37:37,920 doing some calculations some theoretical 1781 00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:40,150 doing some calculations some theoretical work we talk with our colleagues 1782 00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:40,160 work we talk with our colleagues 1783 00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:42,230 work we talk with our colleagues and we try to ascertain whether there's 1784 00:37:42,230 --> 00:37:42,240 and we try to ascertain whether there's 1785 00:37:42,240 --> 00:37:43,990 and we try to ascertain whether there's some way that we could have gone wrong 1786 00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:44,000 some way that we could have gone wrong 1787 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,030 some way that we could have gone wrong and paul and i i think it's fair to say 1788 00:37:47,030 --> 00:37:47,040 and paul and i i think it's fair to say 1789 00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:50,069 and paul and i i think it's fair to say are proudest of the fact that of the 24 1790 00:37:50,069 --> 00:37:50,079 are proudest of the fact that of the 24 1791 00:37:50,079 --> 00:37:52,150 are proudest of the fact that of the 24 planets we've discovered we've never 1792 00:37:52,150 --> 00:37:52,160 planets we've discovered we've never 1793 00:37:52,160 --> 00:37:54,710 planets we've discovered we've never made a false claim in the past four and 1794 00:37:54,710 --> 00:37:54,720 made a false claim in the past four and 1795 00:37:54,720 --> 00:37:56,870 made a false claim in the past four and a half years or so and it's a it's a 1796 00:37:56,870 --> 00:37:56,880 a half years or so and it's a it's a 1797 00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:59,670 a half years or so and it's a it's a track record that comes from fear and 1798 00:37:59,670 --> 00:37:59,680 track record that comes from fear and 1799 00:37:59,680 --> 00:38:02,390 track record that comes from fear and concern about making mistakes and 1800 00:38:02,390 --> 00:38:02,400 concern about making mistakes and 1801 00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,270 concern about making mistakes and so um you know our excitement always is 1802 00:38:05,270 --> 00:38:05,280 so um you know our excitement always is 1803 00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:07,670 so um you know our excitement always is tempered by sort of the objectivity of 1804 00:38:07,670 --> 00:38:07,680 tempered by sort of the objectivity of 1805 00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:09,750 tempered by sort of the objectivity of going back to the blackboard and trying 1806 00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:09,760 going back to the blackboard and trying 1807 00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:11,829 going back to the blackboard and trying to figure out what we can do even better 1808 00:38:11,829 --> 00:38:11,839 to figure out what we can do even better 1809 00:38:11,839 --> 00:38:14,710 to figure out what we can do even better to confirm what we suspect 1810 00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:14,720 to confirm what we suspect 1811 00:38:14,720 --> 00:38:16,310 to confirm what we suspect we'll take out two more questions here 1812 00:38:16,310 --> 00:38:16,320 we'll take out two more questions here 1813 00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:18,310 we'll take out two more questions here first then go to ames and then come back 1814 00:38:18,310 --> 00:38:18,320 first then go to ames and then come back 1815 00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:20,630 first then go to ames and then come back to headquarters so kurt go ahead 1816 00:38:20,630 --> 00:38:20,640 to headquarters so kurt go ahead 1817 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:21,750 to headquarters so kurt go ahead curtis who played with the washington 1818 00:38:21,750 --> 00:38:21,760 curtis who played with the washington 1819 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:23,510 curtis who played with the washington post can you explain to us just a little 1820 00:38:23,510 --> 00:38:23,520 post can you explain to us just a little 1821 00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:25,910 post can you explain to us just a little bit more that uh what precisely 1822 00:38:25,910 --> 00:38:25,920 bit more that uh what precisely 1823 00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:27,510 bit more that uh what precisely breakthrough it is that you're talking 1824 00:38:27,510 --> 00:38:27,520 breakthrough it is that you're talking 1825 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:29,510 breakthrough it is that you're talking about in the detection there's no new 1826 00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:29,520 about in the detection there's no new 1827 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:32,310 about in the detection there's no new detector the resolution is the same the 1828 00:38:32,310 --> 00:38:32,320 detector the resolution is the same the 1829 00:38:32,320 --> 00:38:33,829 detector the resolution is the same the instrument is the same 1830 00:38:33,829 --> 00:38:33,839 instrument is the same 1831 00:38:33,839 --> 00:38:35,589 instrument is the same so what is the technological 1832 00:38:35,589 --> 00:38:35,599 so what is the technological 1833 00:38:35,599 --> 00:38:37,030 so what is the technological breakthrough specifically that you're 1834 00:38:37,030 --> 00:38:37,040 breakthrough specifically that you're 1835 00:38:37,040 --> 00:38:39,670 breakthrough specifically that you're describing we model the spectrometer 1836 00:38:39,670 --> 00:38:39,680 describing we model the spectrometer 1837 00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:42,310 describing we model the spectrometer better now as the bottom line 1838 00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:42,320 better now as the bottom line 1839 00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:44,310 better now as the bottom line these detections are really incredibly 1840 00:38:44,310 --> 00:38:44,320 these detections are really incredibly 1841 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:45,910 these detections are really incredibly minute uh 1842 00:38:45,910 --> 00:38:45,920 minute uh 1843 00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:47,430 minute uh literally at the point of olympic 1844 00:38:47,430 --> 00:38:47,440 literally at the point of olympic 1845 00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:49,430 literally at the point of olympic sprinting speed you know uh 1846 00:38:49,430 --> 00:38:49,440 sprinting speed you know uh 1847 00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:52,390 sprinting speed you know uh and uh it turns out very very teeny 1848 00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:52,400 and uh it turns out very very teeny 1849 00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:54,069 and uh it turns out very very teeny changes in the spectrometer very very 1850 00:38:54,069 --> 00:38:54,079 changes in the spectrometer very very 1851 00:38:54,079 --> 00:38:55,670 changes in the spectrometer very very teeny changes in how the light is 1852 00:38:55,670 --> 00:38:55,680 teeny changes in how the light is 1853 00:38:55,680 --> 00:38:57,829 teeny changes in how the light is focused by the spectrometer can dwarf 1854 00:38:57,829 --> 00:38:57,839 focused by the spectrometer can dwarf 1855 00:38:57,839 --> 00:38:59,910 focused by the spectrometer can dwarf our signal and we need to actually build 1856 00:38:59,910 --> 00:38:59,920 our signal and we need to actually build 1857 00:38:59,920 --> 00:39:01,910 our signal and we need to actually build a physical model of our spectrometer in 1858 00:39:01,910 --> 00:39:01,920 a physical model of our spectrometer in 1859 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:04,069 a physical model of our spectrometer in the computer and we've made significant 1860 00:39:04,069 --> 00:39:04,079 the computer and we've made significant 1861 00:39:04,079 --> 00:39:05,670 the computer and we've made significant improvements in our modeling within the 1862 00:39:05,670 --> 00:39:05,680 improvements in our modeling within the 1863 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:08,710 improvements in our modeling within the last year 1864 00:39:08,710 --> 00:39:08,720 1865 00:39:08,720 --> 00:39:10,710 okay we'll take one more question here 1866 00:39:10,710 --> 00:39:10,720 okay we'll take one more question here 1867 00:39:10,720 --> 00:39:14,630 okay we'll take one more question here all right mary oh sorry sorry i just i 1868 00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:14,640 all right mary oh sorry sorry i just i 1869 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:16,470 all right mary oh sorry sorry i just i you know for us that's the key question 1870 00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:16,480 you know for us that's the key question 1871 00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:18,390 you know for us that's the key question actually that you've asked and i'll just 1872 00:39:18,390 --> 00:39:18,400 actually that you've asked and i'll just 1873 00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:20,710 actually that you've asked and i'll just say somewhat more quantitatively 1874 00:39:20,710 --> 00:39:20,720 say somewhat more quantitatively 1875 00:39:20,720 --> 00:39:22,310 say somewhat more quantitatively up till a year ago 1876 00:39:22,310 --> 00:39:22,320 up till a year ago 1877 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:24,150 up till a year ago the precision with which we could 1878 00:39:24,150 --> 00:39:24,160 the precision with which we could 1879 00:39:24,160 --> 00:39:26,150 the precision with which we could measure the speeds of stars was plus or 1880 00:39:26,150 --> 00:39:26,160 measure the speeds of stars was plus or 1881 00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:29,109 measure the speeds of stars was plus or minus eight meters per second 1882 00:39:29,109 --> 00:39:29,119 minus eight meters per second 1883 00:39:29,119 --> 00:39:32,069 minus eight meters per second and only in the last 6 to 12 months have 1884 00:39:32,069 --> 00:39:32,079 and only in the last 6 to 12 months have 1885 00:39:32,079 --> 00:39:35,030 and only in the last 6 to 12 months have these improvements that paul mentioned 1886 00:39:35,030 --> 00:39:35,040 these improvements that paul mentioned 1887 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:36,710 these improvements that paul mentioned building a computer model of our 1888 00:39:36,710 --> 00:39:36,720 building a computer model of our 1889 00:39:36,720 --> 00:39:39,109 building a computer model of our spectrometer allowed us to achieve a 1890 00:39:39,109 --> 00:39:39,119 spectrometer allowed us to achieve a 1891 00:39:39,119 --> 00:39:41,510 spectrometer allowed us to achieve a precision of plus or minus 3 meters per 1892 00:39:41,510 --> 00:39:41,520 precision of plus or minus 3 meters per 1893 00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:43,510 precision of plus or minus 3 meters per second in fact paul and i think that our 1894 00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:43,520 second in fact paul and i think that our 1895 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:44,950 second in fact paul and i think that our precision is even a little better than 1896 00:39:44,950 --> 00:39:44,960 precision is even a little better than 1897 00:39:44,960 --> 00:39:47,270 precision is even a little better than three meters a second so we have 1898 00:39:47,270 --> 00:39:47,280 three meters a second so we have 1899 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:49,829 three meters a second so we have demonstrable improvements both in our 1900 00:39:49,829 --> 00:39:49,839 demonstrable improvements both in our 1901 00:39:49,839 --> 00:39:53,190 demonstrable improvements both in our results and in the approach that we took 1902 00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:53,200 results and in the approach that we took 1903 00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,069 results and in the approach that we took to get to these results 1904 00:39:56,069 --> 00:39:56,079 to get to these results 1905 00:39:56,079 --> 00:39:58,470 to get to these results okay 1906 00:39:58,470 --> 00:39:58,480 1907 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:00,230 how many other objects do you have on 1908 00:40:00,230 --> 00:40:00,240 how many other objects do you have on 1909 00:40:00,240 --> 00:40:01,910 how many other objects do you have on that hot list of candidates that you 1910 00:40:01,910 --> 00:40:01,920 that hot list of candidates that you 1911 00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:04,710 that hot list of candidates that you discussed from august of 99 and when 1912 00:40:04,710 --> 00:40:04,720 discussed from august of 99 and when 1913 00:40:04,720 --> 00:40:07,589 discussed from august of 99 and when might we learn of those 1914 00:40:07,589 --> 00:40:07,599 might we learn of those 1915 00:40:07,599 --> 00:40:08,829 might we learn of those uh 1916 00:40:08,829 --> 00:40:08,839 uh 1917 00:40:08,839 --> 00:40:11,829 uh it's uh reminds me a little bit of the 1918 00:40:11,829 --> 00:40:11,839 it's uh reminds me a little bit of the 1919 00:40:11,839 --> 00:40:14,230 it's uh reminds me a little bit of the uh you know when you ask how many 1920 00:40:14,230 --> 00:40:14,240 uh you know when you ask how many 1921 00:40:14,240 --> 00:40:16,870 uh you know when you ask how many potential jupiters are are stored on our 1922 00:40:16,870 --> 00:40:16,880 potential jupiters are are stored on our 1923 00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:19,750 potential jupiters are are stored on our hard disk that we haven't yet revealed 1924 00:40:19,750 --> 00:40:19,760 hard disk that we haven't yet revealed 1925 00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:21,750 hard disk that we haven't yet revealed it reminds me a little bit of the i love 1926 00:40:21,750 --> 00:40:21,760 it reminds me a little bit of the i love 1927 00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:25,109 it reminds me a little bit of the i love lucy episode where lucy says to herself 1928 00:40:25,109 --> 00:40:25,119 lucy episode where lucy says to herself 1929 00:40:25,119 --> 00:40:26,950 lucy episode where lucy says to herself i can have a job and make money and she 1930 00:40:26,950 --> 00:40:26,960 i can have a job and make money and she 1931 00:40:26,960 --> 00:40:28,309 i can have a job and make money and she goes to be a 1932 00:40:28,309 --> 00:40:28,319 goes to be a 1933 00:40:28,319 --> 00:40:30,710 goes to be a quality checker at a candy factory 1934 00:40:30,710 --> 00:40:30,720 quality checker at a candy factory 1935 00:40:30,720 --> 00:40:32,550 quality checker at a candy factory and the candies come down the conveyor 1936 00:40:32,550 --> 00:40:32,560 and the candies come down the conveyor 1937 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:34,790 and the candies come down the conveyor belt and she sees them coming down and 1938 00:40:34,790 --> 00:40:34,800 belt and she sees them coming down and 1939 00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:36,309 belt and she sees them coming down and there's more and more candies and she 1940 00:40:36,309 --> 00:40:36,319 there's more and more candies and she 1941 00:40:36,319 --> 00:40:38,470 there's more and more candies and she can't check their quality and she starts 1942 00:40:38,470 --> 00:40:38,480 can't check their quality and she starts 1943 00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:40,069 can't check their quality and she starts eating them 1944 00:40:40,069 --> 00:40:40,079 eating them 1945 00:40:40,079 --> 00:40:42,550 eating them to just handle the flow paul and i are 1946 00:40:42,550 --> 00:40:42,560 to just handle the flow paul and i are 1947 00:40:42,560 --> 00:40:45,109 to just handle the flow paul and i are in a very lucky era which i think we're 1948 00:40:45,109 --> 00:40:45,119 in a very lucky era which i think we're 1949 00:40:45,119 --> 00:40:45,990 in a very lucky era which i think we're both 1950 00:40:45,990 --> 00:40:46,000 both 1951 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:48,470 both just ecstatic about actually and that is 1952 00:40:48,470 --> 00:40:48,480 just ecstatic about actually and that is 1953 00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:50,390 just ecstatic about actually and that is we can indeed see down the line there 1954 00:40:50,390 --> 00:40:50,400 we can indeed see down the line there 1955 00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:52,710 we can indeed see down the line there are something like six to ten 1956 00:40:52,710 --> 00:40:52,720 are something like six to ten 1957 00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:54,390 are something like six to ten planets that we know of that we've 1958 00:40:54,390 --> 00:40:54,400 planets that we know of that we've 1959 00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:56,150 planets that we know of that we've emailed each other about that we talk 1960 00:40:56,150 --> 00:40:56,160 emailed each other about that we talk 1961 00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:57,990 emailed each other about that we talk about when we're at the telescope that 1962 00:40:57,990 --> 00:40:58,000 about when we're at the telescope that 1963 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,150 about when we're at the telescope that look promising we are waiting for 1964 00:41:00,150 --> 00:41:00,160 look promising we are waiting for 1965 00:41:00,160 --> 00:41:02,069 look promising we are waiting for another half a year or year or maybe a 1966 00:41:02,069 --> 00:41:02,079 another half a year or year or maybe a 1967 00:41:02,079 --> 00:41:04,630 another half a year or year or maybe a year and a half of data to confirm these 1968 00:41:04,630 --> 00:41:04,640 year and a half of data to confirm these 1969 00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:05,829 year and a half of data to confirm these planets 1970 00:41:05,829 --> 00:41:05,839 planets 1971 00:41:05,839 --> 00:41:07,670 planets some of them are jupiter-sized we have 1972 00:41:07,670 --> 00:41:07,680 some of them are jupiter-sized we have 1973 00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:09,430 some of them are jupiter-sized we have one i think it's fair to say that's 1974 00:41:09,430 --> 00:41:09,440 one i think it's fair to say that's 1975 00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:11,190 one i think it's fair to say that's about a third of a jupiter size very 1976 00:41:11,190 --> 00:41:11,200 about a third of a jupiter size very 1977 00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:13,109 about a third of a jupiter size very close to a saturn we decided not to 1978 00:41:13,109 --> 00:41:13,119 close to a saturn we decided not to 1979 00:41:13,119 --> 00:41:15,430 close to a saturn we decided not to announce it today but it's a dead ringer 1980 00:41:15,430 --> 00:41:15,440 announce it today but it's a dead ringer 1981 00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:17,510 announce it today but it's a dead ringer for something about very close to a 1982 00:41:17,510 --> 00:41:17,520 for something about very close to a 1983 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:19,510 for something about very close to a saturn size just a little above 1984 00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:19,520 saturn size just a little above 1985 00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:21,990 saturn size just a little above so we have a lot of them were the keck 1986 00:41:21,990 --> 00:41:22,000 so we have a lot of them were the keck 1987 00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,710 so we have a lot of them were the keck telescope is just this marvelous machine 1988 00:41:24,710 --> 00:41:24,720 telescope is just this marvelous machine 1989 00:41:24,720 --> 00:41:26,470 telescope is just this marvelous machine for finding planets with the 1990 00:41:26,470 --> 00:41:26,480 for finding planets with the 1991 00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:28,950 for finding planets with the spectrometer and we feel very lucky to 1992 00:41:28,950 --> 00:41:28,960 spectrometer and we feel very lucky to 1993 00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:30,710 spectrometer and we feel very lucky to have been in the right place with the 1994 00:41:30,710 --> 00:41:30,720 have been in the right place with the 1995 00:41:30,720 --> 00:41:33,030 have been in the right place with the right telescope to to have this conveyor 1996 00:41:33,030 --> 00:41:33,040 right telescope to to have this conveyor 1997 00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:36,550 right telescope to to have this conveyor belt of planets occur 1998 00:41:36,550 --> 00:41:36,560 1999 00:41:36,560 --> 00:41:38,150 okay we'll take questions from the aims 2000 00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:38,160 okay we'll take questions from the aims 2001 00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,109 okay we'll take questions from the aims research center in california and please 2002 00:41:41,109 --> 00:41:41,119 research center in california and please 2003 00:41:41,119 --> 00:41:43,349 research center in california and please give us your name and affiliation 2004 00:41:43,349 --> 00:41:43,359 give us your name and affiliation 2005 00:41:43,359 --> 00:41:45,349 give us your name and affiliation hi this is glenda chu from san jose 2006 00:41:45,349 --> 00:41:45,359 hi this is glenda chu from san jose 2007 00:41:45,359 --> 00:41:47,109 hi this is glenda chu from san jose mercury news i have two questions the 2008 00:41:47,109 --> 00:41:47,119 mercury news i have two questions the 2009 00:41:47,119 --> 00:41:49,270 mercury news i have two questions the first is is there any indication that 2010 00:41:49,270 --> 00:41:49,280 first is is there any indication that 2011 00:41:49,280 --> 00:41:50,630 first is is there any indication that either of these planets could harbor 2012 00:41:50,630 --> 00:41:50,640 either of these planets could harbor 2013 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:54,069 either of these planets could harbor liquid water 2014 00:41:54,069 --> 00:41:54,079 2015 00:41:54,079 --> 00:41:55,349 um 2016 00:41:55,349 --> 00:41:55,359 um 2017 00:41:55,359 --> 00:41:57,190 um it's very unlikely that these planets 2018 00:41:57,190 --> 00:41:57,200 it's very unlikely that these planets 2019 00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,150 it's very unlikely that these planets would have liquid water uh 2020 00:41:59,150 --> 00:41:59,160 would have liquid water uh 2021 00:41:59,160 --> 00:42:01,430 would have liquid water uh hd46375 is in one of these three-day 2022 00:42:01,430 --> 00:42:01,440 hd46375 is in one of these three-day 2023 00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:03,349 hd46375 is in one of these three-day orbits and so it's going to be heated to 2024 00:42:03,349 --> 00:42:03,359 orbits and so it's going to be heated to 2025 00:42:03,359 --> 00:42:05,829 orbits and so it's going to be heated to like about 2000 degrees fahrenheit 2026 00:42:05,829 --> 00:42:05,839 like about 2000 degrees fahrenheit 2027 00:42:05,839 --> 00:42:08,309 like about 2000 degrees fahrenheit uh the other planet 79 seti is in a 2028 00:42:08,309 --> 00:42:08,319 uh the other planet 79 seti is in a 2029 00:42:08,319 --> 00:42:10,230 uh the other planet 79 seti is in a 75-day orbital period the orbital 2030 00:42:10,230 --> 00:42:10,240 75-day orbital period the orbital 2031 00:42:10,240 --> 00:42:11,750 75-day orbital period the orbital distance is in fact very similar to 2032 00:42:11,750 --> 00:42:11,760 distance is in fact very similar to 2033 00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:13,589 distance is in fact very similar to mercury in our own system so it's also 2034 00:42:13,589 --> 00:42:13,599 mercury in our own system so it's also 2035 00:42:13,599 --> 00:42:16,069 mercury in our own system so it's also going to be far far too hot 2036 00:42:16,069 --> 00:42:16,079 going to be far far too hot 2037 00:42:16,079 --> 00:42:17,670 going to be far far too hot so sadly no liquid water on these 2038 00:42:17,670 --> 00:42:17,680 so sadly no liquid water on these 2039 00:42:17,680 --> 00:42:19,750 so sadly no liquid water on these systems 2040 00:42:19,750 --> 00:42:19,760 systems 2041 00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:21,589 systems question is can you say something about 2042 00:42:21,589 --> 00:42:21,599 question is can you say something about 2043 00:42:21,599 --> 00:42:24,710 question is can you say something about the status of these space-based missions 2044 00:42:24,710 --> 00:42:24,720 the status of these space-based missions 2045 00:42:24,720 --> 00:42:26,710 the status of these space-based missions that would look for earth-sized planets 2046 00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:26,720 that would look for earth-sized planets 2047 00:42:26,720 --> 00:42:28,309 that would look for earth-sized planets how far along are they in the conveyor 2048 00:42:28,309 --> 00:42:28,319 how far along are they in the conveyor 2049 00:42:28,319 --> 00:42:31,910 how far along are they in the conveyor belt of nasa uh well let me address that 2050 00:42:31,910 --> 00:42:31,920 belt of nasa uh well let me address that 2051 00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:33,030 belt of nasa uh well let me address that there's uh 2052 00:42:33,030 --> 00:42:33,040 there's uh 2053 00:42:33,040 --> 00:42:35,270 there's uh there's really a uh 2054 00:42:35,270 --> 00:42:35,280 there's really a uh 2055 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:38,309 there's really a uh a sort of line of these projects that 2056 00:42:38,309 --> 00:42:38,319 a sort of line of these projects that 2057 00:42:38,319 --> 00:42:40,309 a sort of line of these projects that are very interwoven 2058 00:42:40,309 --> 00:42:40,319 are very interwoven 2059 00:42:40,319 --> 00:42:42,710 are very interwoven um and we we start on the ground 2060 00:42:42,710 --> 00:42:42,720 um and we we start on the ground 2061 00:42:42,720 --> 00:42:45,270 um and we we start on the ground actually with the keck interferometer to 2062 00:42:45,270 --> 00:42:45,280 actually with the keck interferometer to 2063 00:42:45,280 --> 00:42:47,910 actually with the keck interferometer to try to to really get a grasp on optical 2064 00:42:47,910 --> 00:42:47,920 try to to really get a grasp on optical 2065 00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:50,550 try to to really get a grasp on optical interferometry from the ground and then 2066 00:42:50,550 --> 00:42:50,560 interferometry from the ground and then 2067 00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:54,550 interferometry from the ground and then we do a technology test in space it's 2068 00:42:54,550 --> 00:42:54,560 we do a technology test in space it's 2069 00:42:54,560 --> 00:42:56,790 we do a technology test in space it's called space technology three 2070 00:42:56,790 --> 00:42:56,800 called space technology three 2071 00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:59,030 called space technology three and and that is to get a grasp on 2072 00:42:59,030 --> 00:42:59,040 and and that is to get a grasp on 2073 00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:01,270 and and that is to get a grasp on formation flying from space because 2074 00:43:01,270 --> 00:43:01,280 formation flying from space because 2075 00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:02,870 formation flying from space because that's what we eventually have to be 2076 00:43:02,870 --> 00:43:02,880 that's what we eventually have to be 2077 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:05,190 that's what we eventually have to be able to do to find the earth-sized 2078 00:43:05,190 --> 00:43:05,200 able to do to find the earth-sized 2079 00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,510 able to do to find the earth-sized planets we have to do formation flying 2080 00:43:07,510 --> 00:43:07,520 planets we have to do formation flying 2081 00:43:07,520 --> 00:43:09,510 planets we have to do formation flying and then we get a grasp on doing 2082 00:43:09,510 --> 00:43:09,520 and then we get a grasp on doing 2083 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:12,309 and then we get a grasp on doing informatory in space so that's the space 2084 00:43:12,309 --> 00:43:12,319 informatory in space so that's the space 2085 00:43:12,319 --> 00:43:14,950 informatory in space so that's the space interferometry mission and then after 2086 00:43:14,950 --> 00:43:14,960 interferometry mission and then after 2087 00:43:14,960 --> 00:43:17,829 interferometry mission and then after that and only after that after we have 2088 00:43:17,829 --> 00:43:17,839 that and only after that after we have 2089 00:43:17,839 --> 00:43:19,510 that and only after that after we have proven each 2090 00:43:19,510 --> 00:43:19,520 proven each 2091 00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:22,150 proven each brick of technology in the wall only 2092 00:43:22,150 --> 00:43:22,160 brick of technology in the wall only 2093 00:43:22,160 --> 00:43:24,150 brick of technology in the wall only then do we go on to the terrestrial 2094 00:43:24,150 --> 00:43:24,160 then do we go on to the terrestrial 2095 00:43:24,160 --> 00:43:26,150 then do we go on to the terrestrial planet finder where these different 2096 00:43:26,150 --> 00:43:26,160 planet finder where these different 2097 00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:29,510 planet finder where these different technologies are all utilized so so this 2098 00:43:29,510 --> 00:43:29,520 technologies are all utilized so so this 2099 00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:32,150 technologies are all utilized so so this is a this is a challenge nobody says 2100 00:43:32,150 --> 00:43:32,160 is a this is a challenge nobody says 2101 00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:34,069 is a this is a challenge nobody says this is easy and i think if it were easy 2102 00:43:34,069 --> 00:43:34,079 this is easy and i think if it were easy 2103 00:43:34,079 --> 00:43:36,150 this is easy and i think if it were easy and trivial we probably wouldn't be all 2104 00:43:36,150 --> 00:43:36,160 and trivial we probably wouldn't be all 2105 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:38,870 and trivial we probably wouldn't be all that interested in doing it uh it it's a 2106 00:43:38,870 --> 00:43:38,880 that interested in doing it uh it it's a 2107 00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:41,910 that interested in doing it uh it it's a challenge and there is a uh a very 2108 00:43:41,910 --> 00:43:41,920 challenge and there is a uh a very 2109 00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:48,630 challenge and there is a uh a very concrete plan in how to proceed 2110 00:43:48,630 --> 00:43:48,640 2111 00:43:48,640 --> 00:43:51,190 more questions from ames 2112 00:43:51,190 --> 00:43:51,200 more questions from ames 2113 00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:53,829 more questions from ames yeah i'm later back from a brazilian 2114 00:43:53,829 --> 00:43:53,839 yeah i'm later back from a brazilian 2115 00:43:53,839 --> 00:43:56,950 yeah i'm later back from a brazilian daily newspaper we started sao paulo and 2116 00:43:56,950 --> 00:43:56,960 daily newspaper we started sao paulo and 2117 00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,670 daily newspaper we started sao paulo and my question relates to the orbits of 2118 00:43:59,670 --> 00:43:59,680 my question relates to the orbits of 2119 00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:02,550 my question relates to the orbits of these new systems uh you said they are 2120 00:44:02,550 --> 00:44:02,560 these new systems uh you said they are 2121 00:44:02,560 --> 00:44:04,710 these new systems uh you said they are most of them are eccentric 2122 00:44:04,710 --> 00:44:04,720 most of them are eccentric 2123 00:44:04,720 --> 00:44:07,829 most of them are eccentric and our own solar system has concentric 2124 00:44:07,829 --> 00:44:07,839 and our own solar system has concentric 2125 00:44:07,839 --> 00:44:09,910 and our own solar system has concentric orbits i wonder 2126 00:44:09,910 --> 00:44:09,920 orbits i wonder 2127 00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:12,550 orbits i wonder if you have a good explanation for that 2128 00:44:12,550 --> 00:44:12,560 if you have a good explanation for that 2129 00:44:12,560 --> 00:44:15,750 if you have a good explanation for that and if it's related to the age of each 2130 00:44:15,750 --> 00:44:15,760 and if it's related to the age of each 2131 00:44:15,760 --> 00:44:22,790 and if it's related to the age of each system 2132 00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:22,800 2133 00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:24,069 um 2134 00:44:24,069 --> 00:44:24,079 um 2135 00:44:24,079 --> 00:44:25,349 um the 2136 00:44:25,349 --> 00:44:25,359 the 2137 00:44:25,359 --> 00:44:26,550 the stars 2138 00:44:26,550 --> 00:44:26,560 stars 2139 00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:29,030 stars which we have discovered having these 2140 00:44:29,030 --> 00:44:29,040 which we have discovered having these 2141 00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:32,630 which we have discovered having these planets in eccentric elongated orbits 2142 00:44:32,630 --> 00:44:32,640 planets in eccentric elongated orbits 2143 00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,589 planets in eccentric elongated orbits have all types of ages some of the stars 2144 00:44:35,589 --> 00:44:35,599 have all types of ages some of the stars 2145 00:44:35,599 --> 00:44:37,109 have all types of ages some of the stars are very young 2146 00:44:37,109 --> 00:44:37,119 are very young 2147 00:44:37,119 --> 00:44:38,550 are very young in astronomy 2148 00:44:38,550 --> 00:44:38,560 in astronomy 2149 00:44:38,560 --> 00:44:40,630 in astronomy terms that means the stars are only a 2150 00:44:40,630 --> 00:44:40,640 terms that means the stars are only a 2151 00:44:40,640 --> 00:44:42,390 terms that means the stars are only a billion years old 2152 00:44:42,390 --> 00:44:42,400 billion years old 2153 00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:44,550 billion years old and some of the stars are quite old 10 2154 00:44:44,550 --> 00:44:44,560 and some of the stars are quite old 10 2155 00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:47,829 and some of the stars are quite old 10 billion years old and stars of 2156 00:44:47,829 --> 00:44:47,839 billion years old and stars of 2157 00:44:47,839 --> 00:44:50,390 billion years old and stars of either great youth or great age both 2158 00:44:50,390 --> 00:44:50,400 either great youth or great age both 2159 00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,910 either great youth or great age both seem to have these eccentric oval orbits 2160 00:44:53,910 --> 00:44:53,920 seem to have these eccentric oval orbits 2161 00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:56,230 seem to have these eccentric oval orbits we think but it's in the theoretical 2162 00:44:56,230 --> 00:44:56,240 we think but it's in the theoretical 2163 00:44:56,240 --> 00:44:57,910 we think but it's in the theoretical realm that the oval orbits of the 2164 00:44:57,910 --> 00:44:57,920 realm that the oval orbits of the 2165 00:44:57,920 --> 00:45:01,430 realm that the oval orbits of the planets stem from gravitational 2166 00:45:01,430 --> 00:45:01,440 planets stem from gravitational 2167 00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,430 planets stem from gravitational slingshotting of one planet off of 2168 00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:03,440 slingshotting of one planet off of 2169 00:45:03,440 --> 00:45:05,670 slingshotting of one planet off of another uh but we're not really sure 2170 00:45:05,670 --> 00:45:05,680 another uh but we're not really sure 2171 00:45:05,680 --> 00:45:07,430 another uh but we're not really sure this is in a realm where we need to 2172 00:45:07,430 --> 00:45:07,440 this is in a realm where we need to 2173 00:45:07,440 --> 00:45:09,270 this is in a realm where we need to gather more data and turn to the 2174 00:45:09,270 --> 00:45:09,280 gather more data and turn to the 2175 00:45:09,280 --> 00:45:11,589 gather more data and turn to the theorists who are generating we could 2176 00:45:11,589 --> 00:45:11,599 theorists who are generating we could 2177 00:45:11,599 --> 00:45:13,270 theorists who are generating we could try turning to our yeah and i was going 2178 00:45:13,270 --> 00:45:13,280 try turning to our yeah and i was going 2179 00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:15,349 try turning to our yeah and i was going to say alan boss may have some ideas 2180 00:45:15,349 --> 00:45:15,359 to say alan boss may have some ideas 2181 00:45:15,359 --> 00:45:17,030 to say alan boss may have some ideas about where the eccentric orbits come 2182 00:45:17,030 --> 00:45:17,040 about where the eccentric orbits come 2183 00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:18,390 about where the eccentric orbits come from yeah that's actually an excellent 2184 00:45:18,390 --> 00:45:18,400 from yeah that's actually an excellent 2185 00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:19,829 from yeah that's actually an excellent question in fact i think trying to 2186 00:45:19,829 --> 00:45:19,839 question in fact i think trying to 2187 00:45:19,839 --> 00:45:21,829 question in fact i think trying to understand the eccentric orbits of these 2188 00:45:21,829 --> 00:45:21,839 understand the eccentric orbits of these 2189 00:45:21,839 --> 00:45:23,510 understand the eccentric orbits of these new extrasolar planets is one of the 2190 00:45:23,510 --> 00:45:23,520 new extrasolar planets is one of the 2191 00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:25,109 new extrasolar planets is one of the major theoretical problems it's 2192 00:45:25,109 --> 00:45:25,119 major theoretical problems it's 2193 00:45:25,119 --> 00:45:26,470 major theoretical problems it's outstanding at this point it's really 2194 00:45:26,470 --> 00:45:26,480 outstanding at this point it's really 2195 00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:28,150 outstanding at this point it's really very much a surprise because all we of 2196 00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:28,160 very much a surprise because all we of 2197 00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:29,670 very much a surprise because all we of course had known before this was our own 2198 00:45:29,670 --> 00:45:29,680 course had known before this was our own 2199 00:45:29,680 --> 00:45:31,750 course had known before this was our own solar system and so theorists had spent 2200 00:45:31,750 --> 00:45:31,760 solar system and so theorists had spent 2201 00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:33,270 solar system and so theorists had spent several decades trying to explain 2202 00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:33,280 several decades trying to explain 2203 00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:34,950 several decades trying to explain circular orbits now suddenly they 2204 00:45:34,950 --> 00:45:34,960 circular orbits now suddenly they 2205 00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:36,870 circular orbits now suddenly they realize they've got to explain eccentric 2206 00:45:36,870 --> 00:45:36,880 realize they've got to explain eccentric 2207 00:45:36,880 --> 00:45:39,030 realize they've got to explain eccentric orbits as well and one possible 2208 00:45:39,030 --> 00:45:39,040 orbits as well and one possible 2209 00:45:39,040 --> 00:45:41,109 orbits as well and one possible explanation is what jeff just pointed 2210 00:45:41,109 --> 00:45:41,119 explanation is what jeff just pointed 2211 00:45:41,119 --> 00:45:42,870 explanation is what jeff just pointed out that perhaps when you make several 2212 00:45:42,870 --> 00:45:42,880 out that perhaps when you make several 2213 00:45:42,880 --> 00:45:44,710 out that perhaps when you make several planets they end up so close together 2214 00:45:44,710 --> 00:45:44,720 planets they end up so close together 2215 00:45:44,720 --> 00:45:46,390 planets they end up so close together that they gravitationally perturb each 2216 00:45:46,390 --> 00:45:46,400 that they gravitationally perturb each 2217 00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:47,190 that they gravitationally perturb each other 2218 00:45:47,190 --> 00:45:47,200 other 2219 00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:48,470 other even if they start out on circular 2220 00:45:48,470 --> 00:45:48,480 even if they start out on circular 2221 00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:49,750 even if they start out on circular orbits they kick each other into 2222 00:45:49,750 --> 00:45:49,760 orbits they kick each other into 2223 00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:51,990 orbits they kick each other into eccentric orbits that's one possible way 2224 00:45:51,990 --> 00:45:52,000 eccentric orbits that's one possible way 2225 00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:53,430 eccentric orbits that's one possible way of doing it although you have to worry 2226 00:45:53,430 --> 00:45:53,440 of doing it although you have to worry 2227 00:45:53,440 --> 00:45:55,109 of doing it although you have to worry about making them so close together in 2228 00:45:55,109 --> 00:45:55,119 about making them so close together in 2229 00:45:55,119 --> 00:45:56,309 about making them so close together in the first place which is probably the 2230 00:45:56,309 --> 00:45:56,319 the first place which is probably the 2231 00:45:56,319 --> 00:45:58,069 the first place which is probably the biggest drawback to that particular 2232 00:45:58,069 --> 00:45:58,079 biggest drawback to that particular 2233 00:45:58,079 --> 00:45:59,109 biggest drawback to that particular mechanism 2234 00:45:59,109 --> 00:45:59,119 mechanism 2235 00:45:59,119 --> 00:46:00,390 mechanism there is another possibility though 2236 00:46:00,390 --> 00:46:00,400 there is another possibility though 2237 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:02,230 there is another possibility though which is that if you make gas giant 2238 00:46:02,230 --> 00:46:02,240 which is that if you make gas giant 2239 00:46:02,240 --> 00:46:04,390 which is that if you make gas giant planets through a disk and stability 2240 00:46:04,390 --> 00:46:04,400 planets through a disk and stability 2241 00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:05,990 planets through a disk and stability which is not the preferred way of making 2242 00:46:05,990 --> 00:46:06,000 which is not the preferred way of making 2243 00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:07,670 which is not the preferred way of making it if you make it through a disk which 2244 00:46:07,670 --> 00:46:07,680 it if you make it through a disk which 2245 00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:09,829 it if you make it through a disk which is cold enough and massive enough to 2246 00:46:09,829 --> 00:46:09,839 is cold enough and massive enough to 2247 00:46:09,839 --> 00:46:12,470 is cold enough and massive enough to clump together into large balls of gas 2248 00:46:12,470 --> 00:46:12,480 clump together into large balls of gas 2249 00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:14,390 clump together into large balls of gas through its own self-gravity 2250 00:46:14,390 --> 00:46:14,400 through its own self-gravity 2251 00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:15,829 through its own self-gravity some recent simulations that i've been 2252 00:46:15,829 --> 00:46:15,839 some recent simulations that i've been 2253 00:46:15,839 --> 00:46:17,190 some recent simulations that i've been working on at least imply that when 2254 00:46:17,190 --> 00:46:17,200 working on at least imply that when 2255 00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:19,190 working on at least imply that when those clumps first form they start out 2256 00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:19,200 those clumps first form they start out 2257 00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:19,829 those clumps first form they start out on 2258 00:46:19,829 --> 00:46:19,839 on 2259 00:46:19,839 --> 00:46:21,270 on eccentric orbits so it could be that 2260 00:46:21,270 --> 00:46:21,280 eccentric orbits so it could be that 2261 00:46:21,280 --> 00:46:22,790 eccentric orbits so it could be that that particular mechanism actually 2262 00:46:22,790 --> 00:46:22,800 that particular mechanism actually 2263 00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:24,950 that particular mechanism actually produces clumps with eccentric orbits 2264 00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:24,960 produces clumps with eccentric orbits 2265 00:46:24,960 --> 00:46:26,390 produces clumps with eccentric orbits but that's really 2266 00:46:26,390 --> 00:46:26,400 but that's really 2267 00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:28,069 but that's really pretty much premature to make that claim 2268 00:46:28,069 --> 00:46:28,079 pretty much premature to make that claim 2269 00:46:28,079 --> 00:46:29,430 pretty much premature to make that claim at this point because these are 2270 00:46:29,430 --> 00:46:29,440 at this point because these are 2271 00:46:29,440 --> 00:46:30,870 at this point because these are calculations that need to be reproduced 2272 00:46:30,870 --> 00:46:30,880 calculations that need to be reproduced 2273 00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:32,150 calculations that need to be reproduced by other workers 2274 00:46:32,150 --> 00:46:32,160 by other workers 2275 00:46:32,160 --> 00:46:33,910 by other workers in terms of the conventional making 2276 00:46:33,910 --> 00:46:33,920 in terms of the conventional making 2277 00:46:33,920 --> 00:46:35,829 in terms of the conventional making jupiter where you build up a solid clump 2278 00:46:35,829 --> 00:46:35,839 jupiter where you build up a solid clump 2279 00:46:35,839 --> 00:46:37,990 jupiter where you build up a solid clump and then pull gas onto it those models 2280 00:46:37,990 --> 00:46:38,000 and then pull gas onto it those models 2281 00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:39,430 and then pull gas onto it those models pretty much imply that you start off on 2282 00:46:39,430 --> 00:46:39,440 pretty much imply that you start off on 2283 00:46:39,440 --> 00:46:41,190 pretty much imply that you start off on a circular orbit so we've got a real 2284 00:46:41,190 --> 00:46:41,200 a circular orbit so we've got a real 2285 00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:43,430 a circular orbit so we've got a real puzzle here well let me address this 2286 00:46:43,430 --> 00:46:43,440 puzzle here well let me address this 2287 00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:44,390 puzzle here well let me address this also 2288 00:46:44,390 --> 00:46:44,400 also 2289 00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:47,030 also one thing we need to stress is that we 2290 00:46:47,030 --> 00:46:47,040 one thing we need to stress is that we 2291 00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:49,510 one thing we need to stress is that we actually have been finding jupiter-sized 2292 00:46:49,510 --> 00:46:49,520 actually have been finding jupiter-sized 2293 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:53,190 actually have been finding jupiter-sized planets but we haven't yet seen 2294 00:46:53,190 --> 00:46:53,200 planets but we haven't yet seen 2295 00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:55,910 planets but we haven't yet seen a jupiter a true jupiter analog in other 2296 00:46:55,910 --> 00:46:55,920 a jupiter a true jupiter analog in other 2297 00:46:55,920 --> 00:46:57,990 a jupiter a true jupiter analog in other words one that is at jupiter's distance 2298 00:46:57,990 --> 00:46:58,000 words one that is at jupiter's distance 2299 00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:00,630 words one that is at jupiter's distance from our sun we have not yet found a 2300 00:47:00,630 --> 00:47:00,640 from our sun we have not yet found a 2301 00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:03,750 from our sun we have not yet found a solar system like our solar system and 2302 00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:03,760 solar system like our solar system and 2303 00:47:03,760 --> 00:47:05,349 solar system like our solar system and that's because we you guys haven't been 2304 00:47:05,349 --> 00:47:05,359 that's because we you guys haven't been 2305 00:47:05,359 --> 00:47:07,109 that's because we you guys haven't been observing long enough you should be back 2306 00:47:07,109 --> 00:47:07,119 observing long enough you should be back 2307 00:47:07,119 --> 00:47:10,150 observing long enough you should be back at the telescope for another ten years 2308 00:47:10,150 --> 00:47:10,160 at the telescope for another ten years 2309 00:47:10,160 --> 00:47:12,390 at the telescope for another ten years and and then after that then we might be 2310 00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:12,400 and and then after that then we might be 2311 00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:15,510 and and then after that then we might be able to find solar systems that are like 2312 00:47:15,510 --> 00:47:15,520 able to find solar systems that are like 2313 00:47:15,520 --> 00:47:17,670 able to find solar systems that are like our solar system at this point we just 2314 00:47:17,670 --> 00:47:17,680 our solar system at this point we just 2315 00:47:17,680 --> 00:47:21,589 our solar system at this point we just don't have enough data yet 2316 00:47:21,589 --> 00:47:21,599 2317 00:47:21,599 --> 00:47:23,030 okay we'll come back here to nasa 2318 00:47:23,030 --> 00:47:23,040 okay we'll come back here to nasa 2319 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:25,750 okay we'll come back here to nasa headquarters and take more questions go 2320 00:47:25,750 --> 00:47:25,760 headquarters and take more questions go 2321 00:47:25,760 --> 00:47:26,790 headquarters and take more questions go ahead seth 2322 00:47:26,790 --> 00:47:26,800 ahead seth 2323 00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:28,630 ahead seth for dr marcy just to continue on that 2324 00:47:28,630 --> 00:47:28,640 for dr marcy just to continue on that 2325 00:47:28,640 --> 00:47:32,470 for dr marcy just to continue on that line you mentioned that perhaps our the 2326 00:47:32,470 --> 00:47:32,480 line you mentioned that perhaps our the 2327 00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:34,069 line you mentioned that perhaps our the more 2328 00:47:34,069 --> 00:47:34,079 more 2329 00:47:34,079 --> 00:47:37,030 more normalized circular concentric orbits of 2330 00:47:37,030 --> 00:47:37,040 normalized circular concentric orbits of 2331 00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:39,670 normalized circular concentric orbits of our solar system are rare 2332 00:47:39,670 --> 00:47:39,680 our solar system are rare 2333 00:47:39,680 --> 00:47:42,630 our solar system are rare is um how i guess i know that's more 2334 00:47:42,630 --> 00:47:42,640 is um how i guess i know that's more 2335 00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:45,670 is um how i guess i know that's more theory how confident are you that you 2336 00:47:45,670 --> 00:47:45,680 theory how confident are you that you 2337 00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:48,390 theory how confident are you that you that uh you they just aren't that a lot 2338 00:47:48,390 --> 00:47:48,400 that uh you they just aren't that a lot 2339 00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:49,750 that uh you they just aren't that a lot of those out there that you're not 2340 00:47:49,750 --> 00:47:49,760 of those out there that you're not 2341 00:47:49,760 --> 00:47:50,829 of those out there that you're not seeing 2342 00:47:50,829 --> 00:47:50,839 seeing 2343 00:47:50,839 --> 00:47:53,349 seeing versus that they are rare i'm trying to 2344 00:47:53,349 --> 00:47:53,359 versus that they are rare i'm trying to 2345 00:47:53,359 --> 00:47:55,270 versus that they are rare i'm trying to understand why you're leaning toward 2346 00:47:55,270 --> 00:47:55,280 understand why you're leaning toward 2347 00:47:55,280 --> 00:47:57,829 understand why you're leaning toward that way yeah it's a good question um 2348 00:47:57,829 --> 00:47:57,839 that way yeah it's a good question um 2349 00:47:57,839 --> 00:48:00,870 that way yeah it's a good question um here's the situation paul and i have 2350 00:48:00,870 --> 00:48:00,880 here's the situation paul and i have 2351 00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:03,589 here's the situation paul and i have been using the keck telescope uh for the 2352 00:48:03,589 --> 00:48:03,599 been using the keck telescope uh for the 2353 00:48:03,599 --> 00:48:05,270 been using the keck telescope uh for the past four years 2354 00:48:05,270 --> 00:48:05,280 past four years 2355 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,430 past four years and i should say by the way that we're 2356 00:48:07,430 --> 00:48:07,440 and i should say by the way that we're 2357 00:48:07,440 --> 00:48:10,549 and i should say by the way that we're greatly indebted uh both to nasa and the 2358 00:48:10,549 --> 00:48:10,559 greatly indebted uh both to nasa and the 2359 00:48:10,559 --> 00:48:12,150 greatly indebted uh both to nasa and the national science foundation for the 2360 00:48:12,150 --> 00:48:12,160 national science foundation for the 2361 00:48:12,160 --> 00:48:14,390 national science foundation for the funding to let us do this and also to 2362 00:48:14,390 --> 00:48:14,400 funding to let us do this and also to 2363 00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:16,309 funding to let us do this and also to the university of california that also 2364 00:48:16,309 --> 00:48:16,319 the university of california that also 2365 00:48:16,319 --> 00:48:18,549 the university of california that also operates the keck telescope and i bring 2366 00:48:18,549 --> 00:48:18,559 operates the keck telescope and i bring 2367 00:48:18,559 --> 00:48:21,109 operates the keck telescope and i bring this up because during the past four 2368 00:48:21,109 --> 00:48:21,119 this up because during the past four 2369 00:48:21,119 --> 00:48:23,990 this up because during the past four years we've been gathering data 2370 00:48:23,990 --> 00:48:24,000 years we've been gathering data 2371 00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:27,190 years we've been gathering data which allows us to detect planets in 2372 00:48:27,190 --> 00:48:27,200 which allows us to detect planets in 2373 00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,230 which allows us to detect planets in orbits that take about four years for 2374 00:48:30,230 --> 00:48:30,240 orbits that take about four years for 2375 00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:33,109 orbits that take about four years for the planet to go around if a planet took 2376 00:48:33,109 --> 00:48:33,119 the planet to go around if a planet took 2377 00:48:33,119 --> 00:48:34,950 the planet to go around if a planet took more than four years to go around its 2378 00:48:34,950 --> 00:48:34,960 more than four years to go around its 2379 00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:36,790 more than four years to go around its star we haven't been watching long 2380 00:48:36,790 --> 00:48:36,800 star we haven't been watching long 2381 00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:37,589 star we haven't been watching long enough 2382 00:48:37,589 --> 00:48:37,599 enough 2383 00:48:37,599 --> 00:48:39,270 enough and so with 2384 00:48:39,270 --> 00:48:39,280 and so with 2385 00:48:39,280 --> 00:48:41,349 and so with nasa and the university of california's 2386 00:48:41,349 --> 00:48:41,359 nasa and the university of california's 2387 00:48:41,359 --> 00:48:44,150 nasa and the university of california's help as well as nsf we hope to continue 2388 00:48:44,150 --> 00:48:44,160 help as well as nsf we hope to continue 2389 00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:46,309 help as well as nsf we hope to continue this project for another five or ten 2390 00:48:46,309 --> 00:48:46,319 this project for another five or ten 2391 00:48:46,319 --> 00:48:49,030 this project for another five or ten years and only then will we be sensitive 2392 00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:49,040 years and only then will we be sensitive 2393 00:48:49,040 --> 00:48:51,829 years and only then will we be sensitive to planets that orbit farther away 2394 00:48:51,829 --> 00:48:51,839 to planets that orbit farther away 2395 00:48:51,839 --> 00:48:54,150 to planets that orbit farther away namely the orbits that take longer to go 2396 00:48:54,150 --> 00:48:54,160 namely the orbits that take longer to go 2397 00:48:54,160 --> 00:48:56,549 namely the orbits that take longer to go around their host star so the bottom 2398 00:48:56,549 --> 00:48:56,559 around their host star so the bottom 2399 00:48:56,559 --> 00:48:58,309 around their host star so the bottom line is absolutely right as all i think 2400 00:48:58,309 --> 00:48:58,319 line is absolutely right as all i think 2401 00:48:58,319 --> 00:49:00,870 line is absolutely right as all i think all of us now have touched on 2402 00:49:00,870 --> 00:49:00,880 all of us now have touched on 2403 00:49:00,880 --> 00:49:02,950 all of us now have touched on we are very excited about the prospect 2404 00:49:02,950 --> 00:49:02,960 we are very excited about the prospect 2405 00:49:02,960 --> 00:49:05,190 we are very excited about the prospect for the future which is to detect 2406 00:49:05,190 --> 00:49:05,200 for the future which is to detect 2407 00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:07,589 for the future which is to detect planets that take as long to go around 2408 00:49:07,589 --> 00:49:07,599 planets that take as long to go around 2409 00:49:07,599 --> 00:49:10,309 planets that take as long to go around their star a decade or two decades as 2410 00:49:10,309 --> 00:49:10,319 their star a decade or two decades as 2411 00:49:10,319 --> 00:49:12,470 their star a decade or two decades as the giant planets in our solar system 2412 00:49:12,470 --> 00:49:12,480 the giant planets in our solar system 2413 00:49:12,480 --> 00:49:14,630 the giant planets in our solar system take to go around our sun 2414 00:49:14,630 --> 00:49:14,640 take to go around our sun 2415 00:49:14,640 --> 00:49:16,549 take to go around our sun but if scientists have 30 objects 2416 00:49:16,549 --> 00:49:16,559 but if scientists have 30 objects 2417 00:49:16,559 --> 00:49:17,430 but if scientists have 30 objects they're going to start making 2418 00:49:17,430 --> 00:49:17,440 they're going to start making 2419 00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:19,750 they're going to start making conclusions about 30 objects 2420 00:49:19,750 --> 00:49:19,760 conclusions about 30 objects 2421 00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:22,790 conclusions about 30 objects who can resist that temptation 2422 00:49:22,790 --> 00:49:22,800 who can resist that temptation 2423 00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:25,109 who can resist that temptation back over there i'm dan vergano with usa 2424 00:49:25,109 --> 00:49:25,119 back over there i'm dan vergano with usa 2425 00:49:25,119 --> 00:49:26,470 back over there i'm dan vergano with usa today 2426 00:49:26,470 --> 00:49:26,480 today 2427 00:49:26,480 --> 00:49:27,430 today i had 2428 00:49:27,430 --> 00:49:27,440 i had 2429 00:49:27,440 --> 00:49:29,109 i had two questions really 2430 00:49:29,109 --> 00:49:29,119 two questions really 2431 00:49:29,119 --> 00:49:31,829 two questions really on the wobble charts you showed the data 2432 00:49:31,829 --> 00:49:31,839 on the wobble charts you showed the data 2433 00:49:31,839 --> 00:49:33,589 on the wobble charts you showed the data points i'm curious about how many data 2434 00:49:33,589 --> 00:49:33,599 points i'm curious about how many data 2435 00:49:33,599 --> 00:49:35,030 points i'm curious about how many data points does it take 2436 00:49:35,030 --> 00:49:35,040 points does it take 2437 00:49:35,040 --> 00:49:36,390 points does it take to 2438 00:49:36,390 --> 00:49:36,400 to 2439 00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:40,710 to for you to say looks like one 2440 00:49:40,710 --> 00:49:40,720 2441 00:49:40,720 --> 00:49:43,349 um we get early hints literally by the 2442 00:49:43,349 --> 00:49:43,359 um we get early hints literally by the 2443 00:49:43,359 --> 00:49:46,390 um we get early hints literally by the fourth or fifth observation 2444 00:49:46,390 --> 00:49:46,400 fourth or fifth observation 2445 00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:48,790 fourth or fifth observation but we can't really get a good orbit 2446 00:49:48,790 --> 00:49:48,800 but we can't really get a good orbit 2447 00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:50,390 but we can't really get a good orbit until we've got about 15 or 20 2448 00:49:50,390 --> 00:49:50,400 until we've got about 15 or 20 2449 00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:52,230 until we've got about 15 or 20 observations 2450 00:49:52,230 --> 00:49:52,240 observations 2451 00:49:52,240 --> 00:49:53,990 observations and the observations have to be over a 2452 00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:54,000 and the observations have to be over a 2453 00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:55,430 and the observations have to be over a time baseline that's longer than the 2454 00:49:55,430 --> 00:49:55,440 time baseline that's longer than the 2455 00:49:55,440 --> 00:49:59,349 time baseline that's longer than the orbital period 2456 00:49:59,349 --> 00:49:59,359 2457 00:49:59,359 --> 00:50:01,030 and the other question is uh can you 2458 00:50:01,030 --> 00:50:01,040 and the other question is uh can you 2459 00:50:01,040 --> 00:50:03,589 and the other question is uh can you tell me have you ruled out any stars or 2460 00:50:03,589 --> 00:50:03,599 tell me have you ruled out any stars or 2461 00:50:03,599 --> 00:50:05,270 tell me have you ruled out any stars or about how many have you rolled out as 2462 00:50:05,270 --> 00:50:05,280 about how many have you rolled out as 2463 00:50:05,280 --> 00:50:07,190 about how many have you rolled out as hosts for these hot roasters or et 2464 00:50:07,190 --> 00:50:07,200 hosts for these hot roasters or et 2465 00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:09,430 hosts for these hot roasters or et cetera yeah the the hot roasters you 2466 00:50:09,430 --> 00:50:09,440 cetera yeah the the hot roasters you 2467 00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:10,870 cetera yeah the the hot roasters you know if you pick a mass limit like a 2468 00:50:10,870 --> 00:50:10,880 know if you pick a mass limit like a 2469 00:50:10,880 --> 00:50:13,349 know if you pick a mass limit like a saturn mass limit it's easy to rule out 2470 00:50:13,349 --> 00:50:13,359 saturn mass limit it's easy to rule out 2471 00:50:13,359 --> 00:50:14,309 saturn mass limit it's easy to rule out you know 2472 00:50:14,309 --> 00:50:14,319 you know 2473 00:50:14,319 --> 00:50:15,910 you know my guess is right now probably only 2474 00:50:15,910 --> 00:50:15,920 my guess is right now probably only 2475 00:50:15,920 --> 00:50:18,150 my guess is right now probably only about one star out of every 200 has got 2476 00:50:18,150 --> 00:50:18,160 about one star out of every 200 has got 2477 00:50:18,160 --> 00:50:19,829 about one star out of every 200 has got one of these hot roaster planets in sort 2478 00:50:19,829 --> 00:50:19,839 one of these hot roaster planets in sort 2479 00:50:19,839 --> 00:50:23,670 one of these hot roaster planets in sort of the three to five day orbits 2480 00:50:23,670 --> 00:50:23,680 2481 00:50:23,680 --> 00:50:25,109 the uh 2482 00:50:25,109 --> 00:50:25,119 the uh 2483 00:50:25,119 --> 00:50:26,630 the uh maybe the more exciting thing to rule 2484 00:50:26,630 --> 00:50:26,640 maybe the more exciting thing to rule 2485 00:50:26,640 --> 00:50:28,309 maybe the more exciting thing to rule out is the presence of solar system 2486 00:50:28,309 --> 00:50:28,319 out is the presence of solar system 2487 00:50:28,319 --> 00:50:29,589 out is the presence of solar system analogs 2488 00:50:29,589 --> 00:50:29,599 analogs 2489 00:50:29,599 --> 00:50:31,750 analogs and while i wouldn't i wouldn't go so 2490 00:50:31,750 --> 00:50:31,760 and while i wouldn't i wouldn't go so 2491 00:50:31,760 --> 00:50:33,910 and while i wouldn't i wouldn't go so far to say we can rule any out we do see 2492 00:50:33,910 --> 00:50:33,920 far to say we can rule any out we do see 2493 00:50:33,920 --> 00:50:35,910 far to say we can rule any out we do see a lot of stars that are just flat line 2494 00:50:35,910 --> 00:50:35,920 a lot of stars that are just flat line 2495 00:50:35,920 --> 00:50:37,430 a lot of stars that are just flat line dead stable that show no velocity 2496 00:50:37,430 --> 00:50:37,440 dead stable that show no velocity 2497 00:50:37,440 --> 00:50:39,109 dead stable that show no velocity variations above our measurement error 2498 00:50:39,109 --> 00:50:39,119 variations above our measurement error 2499 00:50:39,119 --> 00:50:40,950 variations above our measurement error of three meters a second and we're 2500 00:50:40,950 --> 00:50:40,960 of three meters a second and we're 2501 00:50:40,960 --> 00:50:43,670 of three meters a second and we're seeing this now over four years five 2502 00:50:43,670 --> 00:50:43,680 seeing this now over four years five 2503 00:50:43,680 --> 00:50:45,910 seeing this now over four years five years or so so those don't look real 2504 00:50:45,910 --> 00:50:45,920 years or so so those don't look real 2505 00:50:45,920 --> 00:50:48,630 years or so so those don't look real promising um but let me just ask what 2506 00:50:48,630 --> 00:50:48,640 promising um but let me just ask what 2507 00:50:48,640 --> 00:50:50,549 promising um but let me just ask what how many meters a second does the earth 2508 00:50:50,549 --> 00:50:50,559 how many meters a second does the earth 2509 00:50:50,559 --> 00:50:53,270 how many meters a second does the earth tug the sun okay earth tugs the sun by 2510 00:50:53,270 --> 00:50:53,280 tug the sun okay earth tugs the sun by 2511 00:50:53,280 --> 00:50:55,030 tug the sun okay earth tugs the sun by an imperceptible amount it's about one 2512 00:50:55,030 --> 00:50:55,040 an imperceptible amount it's about one 2513 00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:57,910 an imperceptible amount it's about one tenth of a meter per second and 2514 00:50:57,910 --> 00:50:57,920 tenth of a meter per second and 2515 00:50:57,920 --> 00:50:59,510 tenth of a meter per second and no technology in the world can come 2516 00:50:59,510 --> 00:50:59,520 no technology in the world can come 2517 00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:01,109 no technology in the world can come close to that right now but jupiter 2518 00:51:01,109 --> 00:51:01,119 close to that right now but jupiter 2519 00:51:01,119 --> 00:51:03,190 close to that right now but jupiter jupiter tugs the sun by 12 and a half 2520 00:51:03,190 --> 00:51:03,200 jupiter tugs the sun by 12 and a half 2521 00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:06,069 jupiter tugs the sun by 12 and a half meters a second um so with 79 seti for 2522 00:51:06,069 --> 00:51:06,079 meters a second um so with 79 seti for 2523 00:51:06,079 --> 00:51:07,190 meters a second um so with 79 seti for the first time we're measuring things 2524 00:51:07,190 --> 00:51:07,200 the first time we're measuring things 2525 00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:09,190 the first time we're measuring things that have a smaller tug than that so 2526 00:51:09,190 --> 00:51:09,200 that have a smaller tug than that so 2527 00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:11,349 that have a smaller tug than that so jupiter's are now detectable after half 2528 00:51:11,349 --> 00:51:11,359 jupiter's are now detectable after half 2529 00:51:11,359 --> 00:51:13,030 jupiter's are now detectable after half a jupiter orbital period you expect to 2530 00:51:13,030 --> 00:51:13,040 a jupiter orbital period you expect to 2531 00:51:13,040 --> 00:51:15,670 a jupiter orbital period you expect to see the star wobble by border 12 meters 2532 00:51:15,670 --> 00:51:15,680 see the star wobble by border 12 meters 2533 00:51:15,680 --> 00:51:17,750 see the star wobble by border 12 meters a second and we have a number of stars 2534 00:51:17,750 --> 00:51:17,760 a second and we have a number of stars 2535 00:51:17,760 --> 00:51:19,750 a second and we have a number of stars that after four or five years are just 2536 00:51:19,750 --> 00:51:19,760 that after four or five years are just 2537 00:51:19,760 --> 00:51:21,990 that after four or five years are just dead at the three meter per second level 2538 00:51:21,990 --> 00:51:22,000 dead at the three meter per second level 2539 00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:22,950 dead at the three meter per second level and so 2540 00:51:22,950 --> 00:51:22,960 and so 2541 00:51:22,960 --> 00:51:24,549 and so i would say of order a quarter of our 2542 00:51:24,549 --> 00:51:24,559 i would say of order a quarter of our 2543 00:51:24,559 --> 00:51:26,069 i would say of order a quarter of our stars don't look real promising for 2544 00:51:26,069 --> 00:51:26,079 stars don't look real promising for 2545 00:51:26,079 --> 00:51:28,230 stars don't look real promising for having anything that we can detect uh 2546 00:51:28,230 --> 00:51:28,240 having anything that we can detect uh 2547 00:51:28,240 --> 00:51:29,990 having anything that we can detect uh but it'll be fun to do this for another 2548 00:51:29,990 --> 00:51:30,000 but it'll be fun to do this for another 2549 00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:32,150 but it'll be fun to do this for another 10 years and more properly answer your 2550 00:51:32,150 --> 00:51:32,160 10 years and more properly answer your 2551 00:51:32,160 --> 00:51:33,990 10 years and more properly answer your question 2552 00:51:33,990 --> 00:51:34,000 question 2553 00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:35,750 question okay we have several more questions to 2554 00:51:35,750 --> 00:51:35,760 okay we have several more questions to 2555 00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:39,510 okay we have several more questions to go and 2556 00:51:39,510 --> 00:51:39,520 2557 00:51:39,520 --> 00:51:41,990 stu magnuson with uh space news 2558 00:51:41,990 --> 00:51:42,000 stu magnuson with uh space news 2559 00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:44,549 stu magnuson with uh space news uh i just want to clarify some of you 2560 00:51:44,549 --> 00:51:44,559 uh i just want to clarify some of you 2561 00:51:44,559 --> 00:51:46,630 uh i just want to clarify some of you kind of answered two questions ago but 2562 00:51:46,630 --> 00:51:46,640 kind of answered two questions ago but 2563 00:51:46,640 --> 00:51:49,510 kind of answered two questions ago but are the wobbles uh for our eccentric 2564 00:51:49,510 --> 00:51:49,520 are the wobbles uh for our eccentric 2565 00:51:49,520 --> 00:51:52,470 are the wobbles uh for our eccentric orbits easier to spot than the circular 2566 00:51:52,470 --> 00:51:52,480 orbits easier to spot than the circular 2567 00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:54,630 orbits easier to spot than the circular orbits and how many have how many 2568 00:51:54,630 --> 00:51:54,640 orbits and how many have how many 2569 00:51:54,640 --> 00:51:57,109 orbits and how many have how many circular orbits have you found so far if 2570 00:51:57,109 --> 00:51:57,119 circular orbits have you found so far if 2571 00:51:57,119 --> 00:52:01,349 circular orbits have you found so far if any 2572 00:52:01,349 --> 00:52:01,359 2573 00:52:01,359 --> 00:52:02,230 the 2574 00:52:02,230 --> 00:52:02,240 the 2575 00:52:02,240 --> 00:52:03,589 the um 2576 00:52:03,589 --> 00:52:03,599 um 2577 00:52:03,599 --> 00:52:05,190 um the best way for me to answer the 2578 00:52:05,190 --> 00:52:05,200 the best way for me to answer the 2579 00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:07,030 the best way for me to answer the question is this it's it's a little bit 2580 00:52:07,030 --> 00:52:07,040 question is this it's it's a little bit 2581 00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:09,190 question is this it's it's a little bit of a complicated question 2582 00:52:09,190 --> 00:52:09,200 of a complicated question 2583 00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:10,950 of a complicated question i would say the following 2584 00:52:10,950 --> 00:52:10,960 i would say the following 2585 00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:13,270 i would say the following almost all of the planets 2586 00:52:13,270 --> 00:52:13,280 almost all of the planets 2587 00:52:13,280 --> 00:52:15,510 almost all of the planets that have these elongated eccentric 2588 00:52:15,510 --> 00:52:15,520 that have these elongated eccentric 2589 00:52:15,520 --> 00:52:17,910 that have these elongated eccentric orbits we would have detected them just 2590 00:52:17,910 --> 00:52:17,920 orbits we would have detected them just 2591 00:52:17,920 --> 00:52:19,829 orbits we would have detected them just as easily if they had been in circular 2592 00:52:19,829 --> 00:52:19,839 as easily if they had been in circular 2593 00:52:19,839 --> 00:52:22,230 as easily if they had been in circular orbits and and the way i'm answering it 2594 00:52:22,230 --> 00:52:22,240 orbits and and the way i'm answering it 2595 00:52:22,240 --> 00:52:25,030 orbits and and the way i'm answering it is i think the important way because 2596 00:52:25,030 --> 00:52:25,040 is i think the important way because 2597 00:52:25,040 --> 00:52:27,430 is i think the important way because your question is a good one we are we 2598 00:52:27,430 --> 00:52:27,440 your question is a good one we are we 2599 00:52:27,440 --> 00:52:29,270 your question is a good one we are we one might well worry 2600 00:52:29,270 --> 00:52:29,280 one might well worry 2601 00:52:29,280 --> 00:52:30,870 one might well worry that we have some 2602 00:52:30,870 --> 00:52:30,880 that we have some 2603 00:52:30,880 --> 00:52:33,589 that we have some bias toward detecting the elongated 2604 00:52:33,589 --> 00:52:33,599 bias toward detecting the elongated 2605 00:52:33,599 --> 00:52:36,230 bias toward detecting the elongated eccentric orbits over our ability to 2606 00:52:36,230 --> 00:52:36,240 eccentric orbits over our ability to 2607 00:52:36,240 --> 00:52:38,309 eccentric orbits over our ability to detect circular ones and that's not the 2608 00:52:38,309 --> 00:52:38,319 detect circular ones and that's not the 2609 00:52:38,319 --> 00:52:40,790 detect circular ones and that's not the case the the orbits that we've detected 2610 00:52:40,790 --> 00:52:40,800 case the the orbits that we've detected 2611 00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:43,270 case the the orbits that we've detected that are elongated eccentric these wacky 2612 00:52:43,270 --> 00:52:43,280 that are elongated eccentric these wacky 2613 00:52:43,280 --> 00:52:44,950 that are elongated eccentric these wacky orbits 2614 00:52:44,950 --> 00:52:44,960 orbits 2615 00:52:44,960 --> 00:52:47,109 orbits if the planet had been 2616 00:52:47,109 --> 00:52:47,119 if the planet had been 2617 00:52:47,119 --> 00:52:48,790 if the planet had been in a circular orbit we would have found 2618 00:52:48,790 --> 00:52:48,800 in a circular orbit we would have found 2619 00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,030 in a circular orbit we would have found it just as well 2620 00:52:51,030 --> 00:52:51,040 it just as well 2621 00:52:51,040 --> 00:52:54,630 it just as well okay 2622 00:52:54,630 --> 00:52:54,640 2623 00:52:54,640 --> 00:52:56,470 so um 2624 00:52:56,470 --> 00:52:56,480 so um 2625 00:52:56,480 --> 00:52:58,069 so um here's the statistic 2626 00:52:58,069 --> 00:52:58,079 here's the statistic 2627 00:52:58,079 --> 00:53:00,390 here's the statistic for what it's worth 2628 00:53:00,390 --> 00:53:00,400 for what it's worth 2629 00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:01,349 for what it's worth we 2630 00:53:01,349 --> 00:53:01,359 we 2631 00:53:01,359 --> 00:53:04,069 we there are 24 planets known around other 2632 00:53:04,069 --> 00:53:04,079 there are 24 planets known around other 2633 00:53:04,079 --> 00:53:07,910 there are 24 planets known around other stars that orbit farther than a tenth of 2634 00:53:07,910 --> 00:53:07,920 stars that orbit farther than a tenth of 2635 00:53:07,920 --> 00:53:10,549 stars that orbit farther than a tenth of an earth-sun distance and every single 2636 00:53:10,549 --> 00:53:10,559 an earth-sun distance and every single 2637 00:53:10,559 --> 00:53:13,270 an earth-sun distance and every single one of them 24 out of 24 2638 00:53:13,270 --> 00:53:13,280 one of them 24 out of 24 2639 00:53:13,280 --> 00:53:17,270 one of them 24 out of 24 orbits in an elongated eccentric orbit 2640 00:53:17,270 --> 00:53:17,280 orbits in an elongated eccentric orbit 2641 00:53:17,280 --> 00:53:19,589 orbits in an elongated eccentric orbit the planets that we've found and other 2642 00:53:19,589 --> 00:53:19,599 the planets that we've found and other 2643 00:53:19,599 --> 00:53:21,670 the planets that we've found and other teams the swiss team has contributed 2644 00:53:21,670 --> 00:53:21,680 teams the swiss team has contributed 2645 00:53:21,680 --> 00:53:24,309 teams the swiss team has contributed several those planets that orbit closer 2646 00:53:24,309 --> 00:53:24,319 several those planets that orbit closer 2647 00:53:24,319 --> 00:53:27,270 several those planets that orbit closer than one-tenth of an earth-sun distance 2648 00:53:27,270 --> 00:53:27,280 than one-tenth of an earth-sun distance 2649 00:53:27,280 --> 00:53:29,910 than one-tenth of an earth-sun distance all of them are in circular orbits 2650 00:53:29,910 --> 00:53:29,920 all of them are in circular orbits 2651 00:53:29,920 --> 00:53:32,230 all of them are in circular orbits and some people speculate that that may 2652 00:53:32,230 --> 00:53:32,240 and some people speculate that that may 2653 00:53:32,240 --> 00:53:34,309 and some people speculate that that may be these circular orbits may have 2654 00:53:34,309 --> 00:53:34,319 be these circular orbits may have 2655 00:53:34,319 --> 00:53:36,309 be these circular orbits may have resulted from 2656 00:53:36,309 --> 00:53:36,319 resulted from 2657 00:53:36,319 --> 00:53:39,190 resulted from tides raised on the star and indeed 2658 00:53:39,190 --> 00:53:39,200 tides raised on the star and indeed 2659 00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:41,829 tides raised on the star and indeed tides raised on the planet due to the 2660 00:53:41,829 --> 00:53:41,839 tides raised on the planet due to the 2661 00:53:41,839 --> 00:53:45,190 tides raised on the planet due to the star which tend to circularize the orbit 2662 00:53:45,190 --> 00:53:45,200 star which tend to circularize the orbit 2663 00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:47,030 star which tend to circularize the orbit even if it were not circular to begin 2664 00:53:47,030 --> 00:53:47,040 even if it were not circular to begin 2665 00:53:47,040 --> 00:53:47,829 even if it were not circular to begin with 2666 00:53:47,829 --> 00:53:47,839 with 2667 00:53:47,839 --> 00:53:52,390 with so the interesting statistic is the uh 2668 00:53:52,390 --> 00:53:52,400 so the interesting statistic is the uh 2669 00:53:52,400 --> 00:53:55,270 so the interesting statistic is the uh 24 out of 24 planets beyond a tenth of 2670 00:53:55,270 --> 00:53:55,280 24 out of 24 planets beyond a tenth of 2671 00:53:55,280 --> 00:53:56,790 24 out of 24 planets beyond a tenth of an earth sun distance 2672 00:53:56,790 --> 00:53:56,800 an earth sun distance 2673 00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,589 an earth sun distance that are in these elongated orbits 2674 00:53:59,589 --> 00:53:59,599 that are in these elongated orbits 2675 00:53:59,599 --> 00:54:00,870 that are in these elongated orbits there are several of those though that i 2676 00:54:00,870 --> 00:54:00,880 there are several of those though that i 2677 00:54:00,880 --> 00:54:01,990 there are several of those though that i think are 2678 00:54:01,990 --> 00:54:02,000 think are 2679 00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:02,870 think are are 2680 00:54:02,870 --> 00:54:02,880 are 2681 00:54:02,880 --> 00:54:04,630 are the planet orbits far enough away from 2682 00:54:04,630 --> 00:54:04,640 the planet orbits far enough away from 2683 00:54:04,640 --> 00:54:06,870 the planet orbits far enough away from its star that the star probably hasn't 2684 00:54:06,870 --> 00:54:06,880 its star that the star probably hasn't 2685 00:54:06,880 --> 00:54:09,030 its star that the star probably hasn't had enough time to circularize its orbit 2686 00:54:09,030 --> 00:54:09,040 had enough time to circularize its orbit 2687 00:54:09,040 --> 00:54:10,150 had enough time to circularize its orbit so even though they're on circular 2688 00:54:10,150 --> 00:54:10,160 so even though they're on circular 2689 00:54:10,160 --> 00:54:11,910 so even though they're on circular orbits those circular orbits are 2690 00:54:11,910 --> 00:54:11,920 orbits those circular orbits are 2691 00:54:11,920 --> 00:54:13,750 orbits those circular orbits are probably primordial but as you go 2692 00:54:13,750 --> 00:54:13,760 probably primordial but as you go 2693 00:54:13,760 --> 00:54:15,510 probably primordial but as you go farther away as jeff pointed out they're 2694 00:54:15,510 --> 00:54:15,520 farther away as jeff pointed out they're 2695 00:54:15,520 --> 00:54:16,950 farther away as jeff pointed out they're essentially all eccentric so there's 2696 00:54:16,950 --> 00:54:16,960 essentially all eccentric so there's 2697 00:54:16,960 --> 00:54:18,790 essentially all eccentric so there's some real puzzles there theoretically to 2698 00:54:18,790 --> 00:54:18,800 some real puzzles there theoretically to 2699 00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:20,790 some real puzzles there theoretically to explain 2700 00:54:20,790 --> 00:54:20,800 explain 2701 00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:22,710 explain okay we'll try to take them in order 2702 00:54:22,710 --> 00:54:22,720 okay we'll try to take them in order 2703 00:54:22,720 --> 00:54:24,390 okay we'll try to take them in order randy and then paul 2704 00:54:24,390 --> 00:54:24,400 randy and then paul 2705 00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:26,470 randy and then paul how do you explain the detection gap 2706 00:54:26,470 --> 00:54:26,480 how do you explain the detection gap 2707 00:54:26,480 --> 00:54:28,309 how do you explain the detection gap between the brown dwarfs and the planets 2708 00:54:28,309 --> 00:54:28,319 between the brown dwarfs and the planets 2709 00:54:28,319 --> 00:54:30,230 between the brown dwarfs and the planets that have been found and why hasn't 2710 00:54:30,230 --> 00:54:30,240 that have been found and why hasn't 2711 00:54:30,240 --> 00:54:32,230 that have been found and why hasn't anything been found in the gap 2712 00:54:32,230 --> 00:54:32,240 anything been found in the gap 2713 00:54:32,240 --> 00:54:34,069 anything been found in the gap brown dwarf companions the stars are 2714 00:54:34,069 --> 00:54:34,079 brown dwarf companions the stars are 2715 00:54:34,079 --> 00:54:36,870 brown dwarf companions the stars are rare um at least within the inner three 2716 00:54:36,870 --> 00:54:36,880 rare um at least within the inner three 2717 00:54:36,880 --> 00:54:38,549 rare um at least within the inner three times the earth sun distance which is 2718 00:54:38,549 --> 00:54:38,559 times the earth sun distance which is 2719 00:54:38,559 --> 00:54:39,990 times the earth sun distance which is what we're probing now three times 2720 00:54:39,990 --> 00:54:40,000 what we're probing now three times 2721 00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:41,270 what we're probing now three times anything within about three earth sun 2722 00:54:41,270 --> 00:54:41,280 anything within about three earth sun 2723 00:54:41,280 --> 00:54:43,030 anything within about three earth sun distances of its star 2724 00:54:43,030 --> 00:54:43,040 distances of its star 2725 00:54:43,040 --> 00:54:44,470 distances of its star we don't find any brown dwarfs we have 2726 00:54:44,470 --> 00:54:44,480 we don't find any brown dwarfs we have 2727 00:54:44,480 --> 00:54:46,230 we don't find any brown dwarfs we have one thousand stars under survey we had 2728 00:54:46,230 --> 00:54:46,240 one thousand stars under survey we had 2729 00:54:46,240 --> 00:54:47,829 one thousand stars under survey we had three telescopes we're doing a full sky 2730 00:54:47,829 --> 00:54:47,839 three telescopes we're doing a full sky 2731 00:54:47,839 --> 00:54:49,510 three telescopes we're doing a full sky survey we're going to extend that to 2732 00:54:49,510 --> 00:54:49,520 survey we're going to extend that to 2733 00:54:49,520 --> 00:54:51,990 survey we're going to extend that to 2000 stars out out of 500 stars that 2734 00:54:51,990 --> 00:54:52,000 2000 stars out out of 500 stars that 2735 00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:53,510 2000 stars out out of 500 stars that we've carefully examined now over three 2736 00:54:53,510 --> 00:54:53,520 we've carefully examined now over three 2737 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:55,030 we've carefully examined now over three or four years there aren't any we don't 2738 00:54:55,030 --> 00:54:55,040 or four years there aren't any we don't 2739 00:54:55,040 --> 00:54:56,870 or four years there aren't any we don't see a single object so they're rare 2740 00:54:56,870 --> 00:54:56,880 see a single object so they're rare 2741 00:54:56,880 --> 00:54:58,789 see a single object so they're rare brown dwarfs wild brown dwarfs are very 2742 00:54:58,789 --> 00:54:58,799 brown dwarfs wild brown dwarfs are very 2743 00:54:58,799 --> 00:55:00,309 brown dwarfs wild brown dwarfs are very common there's probably two brown dwarfs 2744 00:55:00,309 --> 00:55:00,319 common there's probably two brown dwarfs 2745 00:55:00,319 --> 00:55:02,549 common there's probably two brown dwarfs in our galaxy for every star uh for 2746 00:55:02,549 --> 00:55:02,559 in our galaxy for every star uh for 2747 00:55:02,559 --> 00:55:04,230 in our galaxy for every star uh for whatever reason the brown dwarfs do not 2748 00:55:04,230 --> 00:55:04,240 whatever reason the brown dwarfs do not 2749 00:55:04,240 --> 00:55:06,069 whatever reason the brown dwarfs do not form around stars at least within the 2750 00:55:06,069 --> 00:55:06,079 form around stars at least within the 2751 00:55:06,079 --> 00:55:08,069 form around stars at least within the inner part of the solar system and 2752 00:55:08,069 --> 00:55:08,079 inner part of the solar system and 2753 00:55:08,079 --> 00:55:09,510 inner part of the solar system and that's up to somebody like alan to 2754 00:55:09,510 --> 00:55:09,520 that's up to somebody like alan to 2755 00:55:09,520 --> 00:55:11,109 that's up to somebody like alan to explain that 2756 00:55:11,109 --> 00:55:11,119 explain that 2757 00:55:11,119 --> 00:55:12,789 explain that it's just empirical i can comment on 2758 00:55:12,789 --> 00:55:12,799 it's just empirical i can comment on 2759 00:55:12,799 --> 00:55:15,109 it's just empirical i can comment on that also uh we have to remember that 2760 00:55:15,109 --> 00:55:15,119 that also uh we have to remember that 2761 00:55:15,119 --> 00:55:16,950 that also uh we have to remember that discovery space diagram we showed is 2762 00:55:16,950 --> 00:55:16,960 discovery space diagram we showed is 2763 00:55:16,960 --> 00:55:18,870 discovery space diagram we showed is actually for companions to solar type 2764 00:55:18,870 --> 00:55:18,880 actually for companions to solar type 2765 00:55:18,880 --> 00:55:21,270 actually for companions to solar type stars stars like our sun if you did a 2766 00:55:21,270 --> 00:55:21,280 stars stars like our sun if you did a 2767 00:55:21,280 --> 00:55:23,589 stars stars like our sun if you did a similar plot for companions to brown 2768 00:55:23,589 --> 00:55:23,599 similar plot for companions to brown 2769 00:55:23,599 --> 00:55:25,829 similar plot for companions to brown dwarf stars you would find they all have 2770 00:55:25,829 --> 00:55:25,839 dwarf stars you would find they all have 2771 00:55:25,839 --> 00:55:27,430 dwarf stars you would find they all have a brown dwarf companion at least half of 2772 00:55:27,430 --> 00:55:27,440 a brown dwarf companion at least half of 2773 00:55:27,440 --> 00:55:29,190 a brown dwarf companion at least half of them do the point is that if you look at 2774 00:55:29,190 --> 00:55:29,200 them do the point is that if you look at 2775 00:55:29,200 --> 00:55:31,990 them do the point is that if you look at binary stars binary stars tend to have 2776 00:55:31,990 --> 00:55:32,000 binary stars binary stars tend to have 2777 00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:33,750 binary stars binary stars tend to have roughly equal mass companions or at 2778 00:55:33,750 --> 00:55:33,760 roughly equal mass companions or at 2779 00:55:33,760 --> 00:55:35,510 roughly equal mass companions or at least a companion that's perhaps no more 2780 00:55:35,510 --> 00:55:35,520 least a companion that's perhaps no more 2781 00:55:35,520 --> 00:55:37,589 least a companion that's perhaps no more than a third or a fifth of its mass you 2782 00:55:37,589 --> 00:55:37,599 than a third or a fifth of its mass you 2783 00:55:37,599 --> 00:55:39,589 than a third or a fifth of its mass you start getting down to 101 mass ratio 2784 00:55:39,589 --> 00:55:39,599 start getting down to 101 mass ratio 2785 00:55:39,599 --> 00:55:41,030 start getting down to 101 mass ratio which is where you would be for a brown 2786 00:55:41,030 --> 00:55:41,040 which is where you would be for a brown 2787 00:55:41,040 --> 00:55:43,510 which is where you would be for a brown dwarf companion to a 2788 00:55:43,510 --> 00:55:43,520 dwarf companion to a 2789 00:55:43,520 --> 00:55:45,910 dwarf companion to a sun-like star those things just are very 2790 00:55:45,910 --> 00:55:45,920 sun-like star those things just are very 2791 00:55:45,920 --> 00:55:47,109 sun-like star those things just are very rare we know from looking at other 2792 00:55:47,109 --> 00:55:47,119 rare we know from looking at other 2793 00:55:47,119 --> 00:55:49,829 rare we know from looking at other binary stars so when you form two stars 2794 00:55:49,829 --> 00:55:49,839 binary stars so when you form two stars 2795 00:55:49,839 --> 00:55:51,990 binary stars so when you form two stars they tend to be roughly equal mass 2796 00:55:51,990 --> 00:55:52,000 they tend to be roughly equal mass 2797 00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:54,549 they tend to be roughly equal mass and so that's why the solar type stars 2798 00:55:54,549 --> 00:55:54,559 and so that's why the solar type stars 2799 00:55:54,559 --> 00:55:56,150 and so that's why the solar type stars essentially have zero brown dwarf 2800 00:55:56,150 --> 00:55:56,160 essentially have zero brown dwarf 2801 00:55:56,160 --> 00:55:58,950 essentially have zero brown dwarf companions and that but that gives us a 2802 00:55:58,950 --> 00:55:58,960 companions and that but that gives us a 2803 00:55:58,960 --> 00:56:00,549 companions and that but that gives us a great handle for making the argument 2804 00:56:00,549 --> 00:56:00,559 great handle for making the argument 2805 00:56:00,559 --> 00:56:01,510 great handle for making the argument that we've really found something 2806 00:56:01,510 --> 00:56:01,520 that we've really found something 2807 00:56:01,520 --> 00:56:02,549 that we've really found something completely different here that we're 2808 00:56:02,549 --> 00:56:02,559 completely different here that we're 2809 00:56:02,559 --> 00:56:04,789 completely different here that we're finding planets not brown dwarf stars if 2810 00:56:04,789 --> 00:56:04,799 finding planets not brown dwarf stars if 2811 00:56:04,799 --> 00:56:06,150 finding planets not brown dwarf stars if it turned out that brown dwarfs could 2812 00:56:06,150 --> 00:56:06,160 it turned out that brown dwarfs could 2813 00:56:06,160 --> 00:56:08,150 it turned out that brown dwarfs could co-exist with planets we'd be in a real 2814 00:56:08,150 --> 00:56:08,160 co-exist with planets we'd be in a real 2815 00:56:08,160 --> 00:56:09,270 co-exist with planets we'd be in a real mess right now we wouldn't be able to 2816 00:56:09,270 --> 00:56:09,280 mess right now we wouldn't be able to 2817 00:56:09,280 --> 00:56:10,950 mess right now we wouldn't be able to tell the two from each other but luckily 2818 00:56:10,950 --> 00:56:10,960 tell the two from each other but luckily 2819 00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:12,870 tell the two from each other but luckily nature has been kind and it's given us a 2820 00:56:12,870 --> 00:56:12,880 nature has been kind and it's given us a 2821 00:56:12,880 --> 00:56:14,390 nature has been kind and it's given us a fairly clear signature as to what we're 2822 00:56:14,390 --> 00:56:14,400 fairly clear signature as to what we're 2823 00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:16,789 fairly clear signature as to what we're seeing so we're really at the birth of a 2824 00:56:16,789 --> 00:56:16,799 seeing so we're really at the birth of a 2825 00:56:16,799 --> 00:56:20,309 seeing so we're really at the birth of a field here as we understand the the 2826 00:56:20,309 --> 00:56:20,319 field here as we understand the the 2827 00:56:20,319 --> 00:56:22,470 field here as we understand the the relation between different planets in a 2828 00:56:22,470 --> 00:56:22,480 relation between different planets in a 2829 00:56:22,480 --> 00:56:25,190 relation between different planets in a planetary system and this is just the 2830 00:56:25,190 --> 00:56:25,200 planetary system and this is just the 2831 00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:27,589 planetary system and this is just the very very beginning of of a field that's 2832 00:56:27,589 --> 00:56:27,599 very very beginning of of a field that's 2833 00:56:27,599 --> 00:56:30,150 very very beginning of of a field that's brand new to us we we simply haven't had 2834 00:56:30,150 --> 00:56:30,160 brand new to us we we simply haven't had 2835 00:56:30,160 --> 00:56:33,030 brand new to us we we simply haven't had the ability the power to see these very 2836 00:56:33,030 --> 00:56:33,040 the ability the power to see these very 2837 00:56:33,040 --> 00:56:36,630 the ability the power to see these very small and dim objects in the universe 2838 00:56:36,630 --> 00:56:36,640 small and dim objects in the universe 2839 00:56:36,640 --> 00:56:38,630 small and dim objects in the universe okay that front row we'll we'll try to 2840 00:56:38,630 --> 00:56:38,640 okay that front row we'll we'll try to 2841 00:56:38,640 --> 00:56:40,150 okay that front row we'll we'll try to uh press on and get all the questions in 2842 00:56:40,150 --> 00:56:40,160 uh press on and get all the questions in 2843 00:56:40,160 --> 00:56:41,829 uh press on and get all the questions in that we can but we'll have a heart out 2844 00:56:41,829 --> 00:56:41,839 that we can but we'll have a heart out 2845 00:56:41,839 --> 00:56:44,789 that we can but we'll have a heart out here in about in eight minutes uh marcia 2846 00:56:44,789 --> 00:56:44,799 here in about in eight minutes uh marcia 2847 00:56:44,799 --> 00:56:46,870 here in about in eight minutes uh marcia freeman with 21st century science and 2848 00:56:46,870 --> 00:56:46,880 freeman with 21st century science and 2849 00:56:46,880 --> 00:56:50,309 freeman with 21st century science and technology magazine uh you had some 2850 00:56:50,309 --> 00:56:50,319 technology magazine uh you had some 2851 00:56:50,319 --> 00:56:51,910 technology magazine uh you had some other announcement last november which 2852 00:56:51,910 --> 00:56:51,920 other announcement last november which 2853 00:56:51,920 --> 00:56:54,069 other announcement last november which was very important relates to something 2854 00:56:54,069 --> 00:56:54,079 was very important relates to something 2855 00:56:54,079 --> 00:56:57,349 was very important relates to something that dr boss said which was a transit of 2856 00:56:57,349 --> 00:56:57,359 that dr boss said which was a transit of 2857 00:56:57,359 --> 00:56:59,910 that dr boss said which was a transit of a planet across the face of a star which 2858 00:56:59,910 --> 00:56:59,920 a planet across the face of a star which 2859 00:56:59,920 --> 00:57:02,870 a planet across the face of a star which was a second confirming technique of a 2860 00:57:02,870 --> 00:57:02,880 was a second confirming technique of a 2861 00:57:02,880 --> 00:57:05,910 was a second confirming technique of a planet an extrasolar planet and i'm 2862 00:57:05,910 --> 00:57:05,920 planet an extrasolar planet and i'm 2863 00:57:05,920 --> 00:57:07,670 planet an extrasolar planet and i'm wondering if you could 2864 00:57:07,670 --> 00:57:07,680 wondering if you could 2865 00:57:07,680 --> 00:57:10,630 wondering if you could mention what you learn additionally 2866 00:57:10,630 --> 00:57:10,640 mention what you learn additionally 2867 00:57:10,640 --> 00:57:12,390 mention what you learn additionally about a planet 2868 00:57:12,390 --> 00:57:12,400 about a planet 2869 00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:15,750 about a planet from a second confirming technique 2870 00:57:15,750 --> 00:57:15,760 from a second confirming technique 2871 00:57:15,760 --> 00:57:17,829 from a second confirming technique let me just make one comment 2872 00:57:17,829 --> 00:57:17,839 let me just make one comment 2873 00:57:17,839 --> 00:57:19,670 let me just make one comment the first and most important thing that 2874 00:57:19,670 --> 00:57:19,680 the first and most important thing that 2875 00:57:19,680 --> 00:57:21,270 the first and most important thing that you learned from that was this is what 2876 00:57:21,270 --> 00:57:21,280 you learned from that was this is what 2877 00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:24,069 you learned from that was this is what people thought they were 2878 00:57:24,069 --> 00:57:24,079 people thought they were 2879 00:57:24,079 --> 00:57:26,390 people thought they were it was it was not a 2880 00:57:26,390 --> 00:57:26,400 it was it was not a 2881 00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:28,789 it was it was not a variation in a star it was not some 2882 00:57:28,789 --> 00:57:28,799 variation in a star it was not some 2883 00:57:28,799 --> 00:57:30,630 variation in a star it was not some completely other thing that we don't 2884 00:57:30,630 --> 00:57:30,640 completely other thing that we don't 2885 00:57:30,640 --> 00:57:32,470 completely other thing that we don't understand 2886 00:57:32,470 --> 00:57:32,480 understand 2887 00:57:32,480 --> 00:57:34,870 understand yeah i guess i would start by adding as 2888 00:57:34,870 --> 00:57:34,880 yeah i guess i would start by adding as 2889 00:57:34,880 --> 00:57:37,589 yeah i guess i would start by adding as alan boss mentioned it's glorious in 2890 00:57:37,589 --> 00:57:37,599 alan boss mentioned it's glorious in 2891 00:57:37,599 --> 00:57:39,589 alan boss mentioned it's glorious in science and it's the hallmark of science 2892 00:57:39,589 --> 00:57:39,599 science and it's the hallmark of science 2893 00:57:39,599 --> 00:57:42,950 science and it's the hallmark of science as a human activity to have an entirely 2894 00:57:42,950 --> 00:57:42,960 as a human activity to have an entirely 2895 00:57:42,960 --> 00:57:45,910 as a human activity to have an entirely independent technique by competitors 2896 00:57:45,910 --> 00:57:45,920 independent technique by competitors 2897 00:57:45,920 --> 00:57:47,990 independent technique by competitors perhaps even 2898 00:57:47,990 --> 00:57:48,000 perhaps even 2899 00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:50,309 perhaps even establish the reality of some physical 2900 00:57:50,309 --> 00:57:50,319 establish the reality of some physical 2901 00:57:50,319 --> 00:57:52,150 establish the reality of some physical phenomenon which had already been 2902 00:57:52,150 --> 00:57:52,160 phenomenon which had already been 2903 00:57:52,160 --> 00:57:54,789 phenomenon which had already been suspected by one technique so that's the 2904 00:57:54,789 --> 00:57:54,799 suspected by one technique so that's the 2905 00:57:54,799 --> 00:57:57,750 suspected by one technique so that's the ground base that we like to operate from 2906 00:57:57,750 --> 00:57:57,760 ground base that we like to operate from 2907 00:57:57,760 --> 00:58:00,069 ground base that we like to operate from various groups attacking a problem from 2908 00:58:00,069 --> 00:58:00,079 various groups attacking a problem from 2909 00:58:00,079 --> 00:58:01,990 various groups attacking a problem from different directions getting the same 2910 00:58:01,990 --> 00:58:02,000 different directions getting the same 2911 00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:02,870 different directions getting the same answer 2912 00:58:02,870 --> 00:58:02,880 answer 2913 00:58:02,880 --> 00:58:04,870 answer the one thing we've learned that i think 2914 00:58:04,870 --> 00:58:04,880 the one thing we've learned that i think 2915 00:58:04,880 --> 00:58:06,309 the one thing we've learned that i think is the most exciting about the 2916 00:58:06,309 --> 00:58:06,319 is the most exciting about the 2917 00:58:06,319 --> 00:58:09,430 is the most exciting about the transiting planet is its 2918 00:58:09,430 --> 00:58:09,440 transiting planet is its 2919 00:58:09,440 --> 00:58:13,349 transiting planet is its size its diameter we had known the mass 2920 00:58:13,349 --> 00:58:13,359 size its diameter we had known the mass 2921 00:58:13,359 --> 00:58:15,910 size its diameter we had known the mass roughly from our wobble measurements 2922 00:58:15,910 --> 00:58:15,920 roughly from our wobble measurements 2923 00:58:15,920 --> 00:58:17,750 roughly from our wobble measurements and we had known its orbit but we didn't 2924 00:58:17,750 --> 00:58:17,760 and we had known its orbit but we didn't 2925 00:58:17,760 --> 00:58:20,230 and we had known its orbit but we didn't know its actual physical dimension 2926 00:58:20,230 --> 00:58:20,240 know its actual physical dimension 2927 00:58:20,240 --> 00:58:22,710 know its actual physical dimension we now know that these planets are as 2928 00:58:22,710 --> 00:58:22,720 we now know that these planets are as 2929 00:58:22,720 --> 00:58:24,549 we now know that these planets are as large as our own jupiter 2930 00:58:24,549 --> 00:58:24,559 large as our own jupiter 2931 00:58:24,559 --> 00:58:26,789 large as our own jupiter approximately and that tells us that 2932 00:58:26,789 --> 00:58:26,799 approximately and that tells us that 2933 00:58:26,799 --> 00:58:29,829 approximately and that tells us that they are made of gas rather than solid 2934 00:58:29,829 --> 00:58:29,839 they are made of gas rather than solid 2935 00:58:29,839 --> 00:58:31,349 they are made of gas rather than solid of course an object that's solid would 2936 00:58:31,349 --> 00:58:31,359 of course an object that's solid would 2937 00:58:31,359 --> 00:58:33,430 of course an object that's solid would be more compressed and smaller 2938 00:58:33,430 --> 00:58:33,440 be more compressed and smaller 2939 00:58:33,440 --> 00:58:35,270 be more compressed and smaller and the transiting planet by virtue of 2940 00:58:35,270 --> 00:58:35,280 and the transiting planet by virtue of 2941 00:58:35,280 --> 00:58:37,670 and the transiting planet by virtue of the fact that the star dims as the 2942 00:58:37,670 --> 00:58:37,680 the fact that the star dims as the 2943 00:58:37,680 --> 00:58:40,069 the fact that the star dims as the planet crosses in front allows us to 2944 00:58:40,069 --> 00:58:40,079 planet crosses in front allows us to 2945 00:58:40,079 --> 00:58:42,470 planet crosses in front allows us to measure the size of the planet and hence 2946 00:58:42,470 --> 00:58:42,480 measure the size of the planet and hence 2947 00:58:42,480 --> 00:58:44,870 measure the size of the planet and hence determine that it's large and hence 2948 00:58:44,870 --> 00:58:44,880 determine that it's large and hence 2949 00:58:44,880 --> 00:58:47,109 determine that it's large and hence gaseous 2950 00:58:47,109 --> 00:58:47,119 gaseous 2951 00:58:47,119 --> 00:58:48,789 gaseous leonard 2952 00:58:48,789 --> 00:58:48,799 leonard 2953 00:58:48,799 --> 00:58:50,710 leonard leonard david with space.com 2954 00:58:50,710 --> 00:58:50,720 leonard david with space.com 2955 00:58:50,720 --> 00:58:53,510 leonard david with space.com um maybe jump into the future a bit 2956 00:58:53,510 --> 00:58:53,520 um maybe jump into the future a bit 2957 00:58:53,520 --> 00:58:56,309 um maybe jump into the future a bit several decades listening to dan golden 2958 00:58:56,309 --> 00:58:56,319 several decades listening to dan golden 2959 00:58:56,319 --> 00:58:59,750 several decades listening to dan golden he's challenged you kind of folks to uh 2960 00:58:59,750 --> 00:58:59,760 he's challenged you kind of folks to uh 2961 00:58:59,760 --> 00:59:01,270 he's challenged you kind of folks to uh to image uh 2962 00:59:01,270 --> 00:59:01,280 to image uh 2963 00:59:01,280 --> 00:59:03,190 to image uh continents or oceans maybe a couple 2964 00:59:03,190 --> 00:59:03,200 continents or oceans maybe a couple 2965 00:59:03,200 --> 00:59:04,710 continents or oceans maybe a couple weeks ago you might have said bald spots 2966 00:59:04,710 --> 00:59:04,720 weeks ago you might have said bald spots 2967 00:59:04,720 --> 00:59:07,190 weeks ago you might have said bald spots on aliens i don't know what but it's 2968 00:59:07,190 --> 00:59:07,200 on aliens i don't know what but it's 2969 00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:09,589 on aliens i don't know what but it's certainly a challenge what do you think 2970 00:59:09,589 --> 00:59:09,599 certainly a challenge what do you think 2971 00:59:09,599 --> 00:59:12,789 certainly a challenge what do you think uh the prospect is in your own mind the 2972 00:59:12,789 --> 00:59:12,799 uh the prospect is in your own mind the 2973 00:59:12,799 --> 00:59:14,710 uh the prospect is in your own mind the march of technology and again these 2974 00:59:14,710 --> 00:59:14,720 march of technology and again these 2975 00:59:14,720 --> 00:59:17,109 march of technology and again these space-based capabilities of doing that 2976 00:59:17,109 --> 00:59:17,119 space-based capabilities of doing that 2977 00:59:17,119 --> 00:59:18,549 space-based capabilities of doing that heidi do you want to give that a yeah 2978 00:59:18,549 --> 00:59:18,559 heidi do you want to give that a yeah 2979 00:59:18,559 --> 00:59:21,270 heidi do you want to give that a yeah well ann already gave a really nice 2980 00:59:21,270 --> 00:59:21,280 well ann already gave a really nice 2981 00:59:21,280 --> 00:59:24,470 well ann already gave a really nice summary of what nasa's plans are and how 2982 00:59:24,470 --> 00:59:24,480 summary of what nasa's plans are and how 2983 00:59:24,480 --> 00:59:26,069 summary of what nasa's plans are and how they plan to proceed 2984 00:59:26,069 --> 00:59:26,079 they plan to proceed 2985 00:59:26,079 --> 00:59:28,470 they plan to proceed and i think that most of us 2986 00:59:28,470 --> 00:59:28,480 and i think that most of us 2987 00:59:28,480 --> 00:59:30,870 and i think that most of us recognize that that's a great plan we 2988 00:59:30,870 --> 00:59:30,880 recognize that that's a great plan we 2989 00:59:30,880 --> 00:59:32,789 recognize that that's a great plan we also recognize that it's a tough thing 2990 00:59:32,789 --> 00:59:32,799 also recognize that it's a tough thing 2991 00:59:32,799 --> 00:59:35,510 also recognize that it's a tough thing to do i think that we all understand 2992 00:59:35,510 --> 00:59:35,520 to do i think that we all understand 2993 00:59:35,520 --> 00:59:37,270 to do i think that we all understand that the interferometry method is the 2994 00:59:37,270 --> 00:59:37,280 that the interferometry method is the 2995 00:59:37,280 --> 00:59:40,150 that the interferometry method is the way we have to go this is where you take 2996 00:59:40,150 --> 00:59:40,160 way we have to go this is where you take 2997 00:59:40,160 --> 00:59:42,870 way we have to go this is where you take multiple telescopes and you can separate 2998 00:59:42,870 --> 00:59:42,880 multiple telescopes and you can separate 2999 00:59:42,880 --> 00:59:44,789 multiple telescopes and you can separate them by great distances and yet you can 3000 00:59:44,789 --> 00:59:44,799 them by great distances and yet you can 3001 00:59:44,799 --> 00:59:46,390 them by great distances and yet you can combine the signal 3002 00:59:46,390 --> 00:59:46,400 combine the signal 3003 00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:48,230 combine the signal to give you a telescope that has the 3004 00:59:48,230 --> 00:59:48,240 to give you a telescope that has the 3005 00:59:48,240 --> 00:59:50,950 to give you a telescope that has the effective area of this the difference 3006 00:59:50,950 --> 00:59:50,960 effective area of this the difference 3007 00:59:50,960 --> 00:59:52,950 effective area of this the difference between the two that that's really what 3008 00:59:52,950 --> 00:59:52,960 between the two that that's really what 3009 00:59:52,960 --> 00:59:54,549 between the two that that's really what we're going to need 3010 00:59:54,549 --> 00:59:54,559 we're going to need 3011 00:59:54,559 --> 00:59:57,670 we're going to need to really be able to you know see the 3012 00:59:57,670 --> 00:59:57,680 to really be able to you know see the 3013 00:59:57,680 --> 00:59:59,829 to really be able to you know see the continents on another planet i think 3014 00:59:59,829 --> 00:59:59,839 continents on another planet i think 3015 00:59:59,839 --> 01:00:02,470 continents on another planet i think another thing that most of us believe is 3016 01:00:02,470 --> 01:00:02,480 another thing that most of us believe is 3017 01:00:02,480 --> 01:00:04,549 another thing that most of us believe is feasible in the next 3018 01:00:04,549 --> 01:00:04,559 feasible in the next 3019 01:00:04,559 --> 01:00:07,510 feasible in the next well why don't we say in our lifetimes 3020 01:00:07,510 --> 01:00:07,520 well why don't we say in our lifetimes 3021 01:00:07,520 --> 01:00:09,030 well why don't we say in our lifetimes is that that's a that's probably the 3022 01:00:09,030 --> 01:00:09,040 is that that's a that's probably the 3023 01:00:09,040 --> 01:00:12,630 is that that's a that's probably the right time skill here um is to use these 3024 01:00:12,630 --> 01:00:12,640 right time skill here um is to use these 3025 01:00:12,640 --> 01:00:15,030 right time skill here um is to use these very large telescopes or arrays of 3026 01:00:15,030 --> 01:00:15,040 very large telescopes or arrays of 3027 01:00:15,040 --> 01:00:18,549 very large telescopes or arrays of telescopes to measure the the chemical 3028 01:00:18,549 --> 01:00:18,559 telescopes to measure the the chemical 3029 01:00:18,559 --> 01:00:21,030 telescopes to measure the the chemical signatures of what is on these planets 3030 01:00:21,030 --> 01:00:21,040 signatures of what is on these planets 3031 01:00:21,040 --> 01:00:23,270 signatures of what is on these planets to to use spectroscopy 3032 01:00:23,270 --> 01:00:23,280 to to use spectroscopy 3033 01:00:23,280 --> 01:00:25,510 to to use spectroscopy to really detect whether or not there's 3034 01:00:25,510 --> 01:00:25,520 to really detect whether or not there's 3035 01:00:25,520 --> 01:00:29,349 to really detect whether or not there's ozone or methane or some other kind of 3036 01:00:29,349 --> 01:00:29,359 ozone or methane or some other kind of 3037 01:00:29,359 --> 01:00:31,270 ozone or methane or some other kind of signature that is there 3038 01:00:31,270 --> 01:00:31,280 signature that is there 3039 01:00:31,280 --> 01:00:33,910 signature that is there i think most of us think that's probably 3040 01:00:33,910 --> 01:00:33,920 i think most of us think that's probably 3041 01:00:33,920 --> 01:00:36,150 i think most of us think that's probably more likely than taking 3042 01:00:36,150 --> 01:00:36,160 more likely than taking 3043 01:00:36,160 --> 01:00:39,109 more likely than taking pictures of these planets 3044 01:00:39,109 --> 01:00:39,119 pictures of these planets 3045 01:00:39,119 --> 01:00:40,630 pictures of these planets and it's going to give us more 3046 01:00:40,630 --> 01:00:40,640 and it's going to give us more 3047 01:00:40,640 --> 01:00:42,390 and it's going to give us more quantitative information 3048 01:00:42,390 --> 01:00:42,400 quantitative information 3049 01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:45,750 quantitative information about planets around other stars 3050 01:00:45,750 --> 01:00:45,760 about planets around other stars 3051 01:00:45,760 --> 01:00:47,510 about planets around other stars but after we get a spectrum of a planet 3052 01:00:47,510 --> 01:00:47,520 but after we get a spectrum of a planet 3053 01:00:47,520 --> 01:00:49,670 but after we get a spectrum of a planet and find out that it has ozone it's 3054 01:00:49,670 --> 01:00:49,680 and find out that it has ozone it's 3055 01:00:49,680 --> 01:00:51,030 and find out that it has ozone it's going to be i think inevitable that 3056 01:00:51,030 --> 01:00:51,040 going to be i think inevitable that 3057 01:00:51,040 --> 01:00:53,030 going to be i think inevitable that we're going to want to eventually take 3058 01:00:53,030 --> 01:00:53,040 we're going to want to eventually take 3059 01:00:53,040 --> 01:00:54,789 we're going to want to eventually take the big leap and build a terrestrial 3060 01:00:54,789 --> 01:00:54,799 the big leap and build a terrestrial 3061 01:00:54,799 --> 01:00:57,670 the big leap and build a terrestrial planet imager this may be 30 40 years in 3062 01:00:57,670 --> 01:00:57,680 planet imager this may be 30 40 years in 3063 01:00:57,680 --> 01:00:59,589 planet imager this may be 30 40 years in the future but it's something that's 3064 01:00:59,589 --> 01:00:59,599 the future but it's something that's 3065 01:00:59,599 --> 01:01:00,710 the future but it's something that's going to be an imperative for our 3066 01:01:00,710 --> 01:01:00,720 going to be an imperative for our 3067 01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:02,390 going to be an imperative for our civilization it'll be a lot easier to do 3068 01:01:02,390 --> 01:01:02,400 civilization it'll be a lot easier to do 3069 01:01:02,400 --> 01:01:03,349 civilization it'll be a lot easier to do that than it will be to build a 3070 01:01:03,349 --> 01:01:03,359 that than it will be to build a 3071 01:01:03,359 --> 01:01:05,190 that than it will be to build a spacecraft to go there which we'll talk 3072 01:01:05,190 --> 01:01:05,200 spacecraft to go there which we'll talk 3073 01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:06,870 spacecraft to go there which we'll talk about even farther in the future so it's 3074 01:01:06,870 --> 01:01:06,880 about even farther in the future so it's 3075 01:01:06,880 --> 01:01:07,829 about even farther in the future so it's one of these 3076 01:01:07,829 --> 01:01:07,839 one of these 3077 01:01:07,839 --> 01:01:10,069 one of these another giant steps we'll be taking and 3078 01:01:10,069 --> 01:01:10,079 another giant steps we'll be taking and 3079 01:01:10,079 --> 01:01:11,270 another giant steps we'll be taking and if we know that there are earths out 3080 01:01:11,270 --> 01:01:11,280 if we know that there are earths out 3081 01:01:11,280 --> 01:01:12,710 if we know that there are earths out there nearby we're going to want to take 3082 01:01:12,710 --> 01:01:12,720 there nearby we're going to want to take 3083 01:01:12,720 --> 01:01:14,390 there nearby we're going to want to take a picture of them and we'll figure out a 3084 01:01:14,390 --> 01:01:14,400 a picture of them and we'll figure out a 3085 01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:15,589 a picture of them and we'll figure out a way to do it 3086 01:01:15,589 --> 01:01:15,599 way to do it 3087 01:01:15,599 --> 01:01:16,630 way to do it and just to give you a little 3088 01:01:16,630 --> 01:01:16,640 and just to give you a little 3089 01:01:16,640 --> 01:01:18,950 and just to give you a little perspective looking backwards 15 years 3090 01:01:18,950 --> 01:01:18,960 perspective looking backwards 15 years 3091 01:01:18,960 --> 01:01:20,789 perspective looking backwards 15 years when these guys were starting on this 15 3092 01:01:20,789 --> 01:01:20,799 when these guys were starting on this 15 3093 01:01:20,799 --> 01:01:23,030 when these guys were starting on this 15 years ago people laughed at them for 3094 01:01:23,030 --> 01:01:23,040 years ago people laughed at them for 3095 01:01:23,040 --> 01:01:24,390 years ago people laughed at them for doing this 3096 01:01:24,390 --> 01:01:24,400 doing this 3097 01:01:24,400 --> 01:01:26,150 doing this jeff and i have a friend in astronomy 3098 01:01:26,150 --> 01:01:26,160 jeff and i have a friend in astronomy 3099 01:01:26,160 --> 01:01:27,910 jeff and i have a friend in astronomy who's got a really great test for how to 3100 01:01:27,910 --> 01:01:27,920 who's got a really great test for how to 3101 01:01:27,920 --> 01:01:30,309 who's got a really great test for how to tell whether a project is worth doing 3102 01:01:30,309 --> 01:01:30,319 tell whether a project is worth doing 3103 01:01:30,319 --> 01:01:31,829 tell whether a project is worth doing and that is you you go out to dinner 3104 01:01:31,829 --> 01:01:31,839 and that is you you go out to dinner 3105 01:01:31,839 --> 01:01:33,430 and that is you you go out to dinner with them and you describe the science 3106 01:01:33,430 --> 01:01:33,440 with them and you describe the science 3107 01:01:33,440 --> 01:01:35,510 with them and you describe the science and if they all burst out laughing then 3108 01:01:35,510 --> 01:01:35,520 and if they all burst out laughing then 3109 01:01:35,520 --> 01:01:37,670 and if they all burst out laughing then that's a great thing to do so you know 3110 01:01:37,670 --> 01:01:37,680 that's a great thing to do so you know 3111 01:01:37,680 --> 01:01:40,630 that's a great thing to do so you know sometimes it takes very new ideas and 3112 01:01:40,630 --> 01:01:40,640 sometimes it takes very new ideas and 3113 01:01:40,640 --> 01:01:42,069 sometimes it takes very new ideas and these guys are working on something that 3114 01:01:42,069 --> 01:01:42,079 these guys are working on something that 3115 01:01:42,079 --> 01:01:44,470 these guys are working on something that 15 years ago was a joke 3116 01:01:44,470 --> 01:01:44,480 15 years ago was a joke 3117 01:01:44,480 --> 01:01:47,349 15 years ago was a joke no maybe not quite a joke but but most 3118 01:01:47,349 --> 01:01:47,359 no maybe not quite a joke but but most 3119 01:01:47,359 --> 01:01:49,349 no maybe not quite a joke but but most astronomers were not on the wagon that 3120 01:01:49,349 --> 01:01:49,359 astronomers were not on the wagon that 3121 01:01:49,359 --> 01:01:52,630 astronomers were not on the wagon that this is a very cool stuff and you know 3122 01:01:52,630 --> 01:01:52,640 this is a very cool stuff and you know 3123 01:01:52,640 --> 01:01:54,870 this is a very cool stuff and you know when we sit now and look into the future 3124 01:01:54,870 --> 01:01:54,880 when we sit now and look into the future 3125 01:01:54,880 --> 01:01:56,789 when we sit now and look into the future 15 or 20 years you've really got to push 3126 01:01:56,789 --> 01:01:56,799 15 or 20 years you've really got to push 3127 01:01:56,799 --> 01:01:59,270 15 or 20 years you've really got to push your ideas 3128 01:01:59,270 --> 01:01:59,280 your ideas 3129 01:01:59,280 --> 01:02:01,589 your ideas we have time for about maybe one or two 3130 01:02:01,589 --> 01:02:01,599 we have time for about maybe one or two 3131 01:02:01,599 --> 01:02:04,150 we have time for about maybe one or two more go ahead 3132 01:02:04,150 --> 01:02:04,160 more go ahead 3133 01:02:04,160 --> 01:02:05,670 more go ahead i just wanted to clarify you i think 3134 01:02:05,670 --> 01:02:05,680 i just wanted to clarify you i think 3135 01:02:05,680 --> 01:02:07,589 i just wanted to clarify you i think jeff had said that about one-fourth of 3136 01:02:07,589 --> 01:02:07,599 jeff had said that about one-fourth of 3137 01:02:07,599 --> 01:02:09,829 jeff had said that about one-fourth of the stars that you look at are not good 3138 01:02:09,829 --> 01:02:09,839 the stars that you look at are not good 3139 01:02:09,839 --> 01:02:12,870 the stars that you look at are not good candidates for planets and out of wha 3140 01:02:12,870 --> 01:02:12,880 candidates for planets and out of wha 3141 01:02:12,880 --> 01:02:14,390 candidates for planets and out of wha what kind of a population is that that 3142 01:02:14,390 --> 01:02:14,400 what kind of a population is that that 3143 01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:19,190 what kind of a population is that that you've looked at altogether 3144 01:02:19,190 --> 01:02:19,200 3145 01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:20,950 uh let's see i'm not quite sure what 3146 01:02:20,950 --> 01:02:20,960 uh let's see i'm not quite sure what 3147 01:02:20,960 --> 01:02:22,710 uh let's see i'm not quite sure what you're referring to 3148 01:02:22,710 --> 01:02:22,720 you're referring to 3149 01:02:22,720 --> 01:02:25,190 you're referring to with regard to one quarter of the 3150 01:02:25,190 --> 01:02:25,200 with regard to one quarter of the 3151 01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:27,190 with regard to one quarter of the stars or planets not being that was 3152 01:02:27,190 --> 01:02:27,200 stars or planets not being that was 3153 01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:28,710 stars or planets not being that was paul's statement uh 3154 01:02:28,710 --> 01:02:28,720 paul's statement uh 3155 01:02:28,720 --> 01:02:30,470 paul's statement uh but you know where the one quarter came 3156 01:02:30,470 --> 01:02:30,480 but you know where the one quarter came 3157 01:02:30,480 --> 01:02:32,309 but you know where the one quarter came from just about one quarter of our stars 3158 01:02:32,309 --> 01:02:32,319 from just about one quarter of our stars 3159 01:02:32,319 --> 01:02:33,349 from just about one quarter of our stars are flat they're not showing any 3160 01:02:33,349 --> 01:02:33,359 are flat they're not showing any 3161 01:02:33,359 --> 01:02:35,190 are flat they're not showing any variation ah i see 3162 01:02:35,190 --> 01:02:35,200 variation ah i see 3163 01:02:35,200 --> 01:02:36,549 variation ah i see how many stars have you looked at is 3164 01:02:36,549 --> 01:02:36,559 how many stars have you looked at is 3165 01:02:36,559 --> 01:02:38,309 how many stars have you looked at is what he wants to know okay 3166 01:02:38,309 --> 01:02:38,319 what he wants to know okay 3167 01:02:38,319 --> 01:02:41,349 what he wants to know okay 200 500 we have right now about 1 100 3168 01:02:41,349 --> 01:02:41,359 200 500 we have right now about 1 100 3169 01:02:41,359 --> 01:02:43,349 200 500 we have right now about 1 100 stars in our sample about 500 stars 3170 01:02:43,349 --> 01:02:43,359 stars in our sample about 500 stars 3171 01:02:43,359 --> 01:02:44,870 stars in our sample about 500 stars we've looked at over a long enough 3172 01:02:44,870 --> 01:02:44,880 we've looked at over a long enough 3173 01:02:44,880 --> 01:02:46,390 we've looked at over a long enough period of time that we can say at least 3174 01:02:46,390 --> 01:02:46,400 period of time that we can say at least 3175 01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:47,430 period of time that we can say at least over three or four years we're not 3176 01:02:47,430 --> 01:02:47,440 over three or four years we're not 3177 01:02:47,440 --> 01:02:49,990 over three or four years we're not seeing variations our goal is to ramp up 3178 01:02:49,990 --> 01:02:50,000 seeing variations our goal is to ramp up 3179 01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:52,470 seeing variations our goal is to ramp up the survey to about 2 000 stars which 3180 01:02:52,470 --> 01:02:52,480 the survey to about 2 000 stars which 3181 01:02:52,480 --> 01:02:55,270 the survey to about 2 000 stars which will allow us to do every star within 3182 01:02:55,270 --> 01:02:55,280 will allow us to do every star within 3183 01:02:55,280 --> 01:02:57,349 will allow us to do every star within about 150 light years and we hope to 3184 01:02:57,349 --> 01:02:57,359 about 150 light years and we hope to 3185 01:02:57,359 --> 01:02:58,710 about 150 light years and we hope to ramp up within the next two or three 3186 01:02:58,710 --> 01:02:58,720 ramp up within the next two or three 3187 01:02:58,720 --> 01:03:00,390 ramp up within the next two or three years and get every nearby star under 3188 01:03:00,390 --> 01:03:00,400 years and get every nearby star under 3189 01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:03,349 years and get every nearby star under survey 3190 01:03:03,349 --> 01:03:03,359 survey 3191 01:03:03,359 --> 01:03:05,270 survey okay unfortunately we have run out of 3192 01:03:05,270 --> 01:03:05,280 okay unfortunately we have run out of 3193 01:03:05,280 --> 01:03:07,029 okay unfortunately we have run out of time we're losing the satellite and 3194 01:03:07,029 --> 01:03:07,039 time we're losing the satellite and 3195 01:03:07,039 --> 01:03:09,029 time we're losing the satellite and we're going to have to 3196 01:03:09,029 --> 01:03:09,039 we're going to have to 3197 01:03:09,039 --> 01:03:10,230 we're going to have to close down 3198 01:03:10,230 --> 01:03:10,240 close down 3199 01:03:10,240 --> 01:03:11,910 close down you'll be available for 3200 01:03:11,910 --> 01:03:11,920 you'll be available for 3201 01:03:11,920 --> 01:03:14,549 you'll be available for uh questions here in nasa headquarters 3202 01:03:14,549 --> 01:03:14,559 uh questions here in nasa headquarters 3203 01:03:14,559 --> 01:03:16,549 uh questions here in nasa headquarters uh thank you very much for joining us 3204 01:03:16,549 --> 01:03:16,559 uh thank you very much for joining us 3205 01:03:16,559 --> 01:03:17,750 uh thank you very much for joining us today 3206 01:03:17,750 --> 01:03:17,760 today 3207 01:03:17,760 --> 01:03:18,870 today we 3208 01:03:18,870 --> 01:03:18,880 we 3209 01:03:18,880 --> 01:03:20,470 we have a slate coming up here showing you 3210 01:03:20,470 --> 01:03:20,480 have a slate coming up here showing you 3211 01:03:20,480 --> 01:03:22,870 have a slate coming up here showing you the website where you can get the images 3212 01:03:22,870 --> 01:03:22,880 the website where you can get the images 3213 01:03:22,880 --> 01:03:25,109 the website where you can get the images uh and the other information from today 3214 01:03:25,109 --> 01:03:25,119 uh and the other information from today 3215 01:03:25,119 --> 01:03:26,870 uh and the other information from today also information about the missions that 3216 01:03:26,870 --> 01:03:26,880 also information about the missions that 3217 01:03:26,880 --> 01:03:29,430 also information about the missions that were discussed you can find at 3218 01:03:29,430 --> 01:03:29,440 were discussed you can find at 3219 01:03:29,440 --> 01:03:32,710 were discussed you can find at the nasa website space science.nasa.gov 3220 01:03:32,710 --> 01:03:32,720 the nasa website space science.nasa.gov 3221 01:03:32,720 --> 01:03:35,109 the nasa website space science.nasa.gov and we'll see you again next time thank 3222 01:03:35,109 --> 01:03:35,119 and we'll see you again next time thank 3223 01:03:35,119 --> 01:03:47,029 and we'll see you again next time thank you very much 3224 01:03:47,029 --> 01:03:47,039 3225 01:03:47,039 --> 01:03:50,039 um